المعرفة

2001

هذه المقالة هي عن السنة. إذا كنت تبغي الفيلم, انظر 2001: A Space Odyssey (فيلم). إذا كنت تبغي استعمالات أخرى, انظر 2001 (توضيح).
هذا المقال عن 2001. إذا كنت تريد the film، فطالع 2001: A Space Odyssey (film).
ويكيپيدياEnron Scandal2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreakSeptember 11 attacksOperation Enduring FreedomWar on TerrorIPodزلزال گجرات 2001
مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى اليسار: ويكيپيديا تتأسس؛ Enron is dissolved after the Enron Scandal; Sign that warns not to leave the road during the period of Foot-and-mouth disease of 2001; US soldiers in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom; Citizens examining building ruins after the زلزال گجرات 2001؛ Apple company creates the iPod; US President George W. Bush declares commitment to defending America's freedom and launching the War on Terror; The World Trade Center is attacked on September 11, 2001.
الألفية: الألفية 3
القرون: القرن 20 - القرن 21 - القرن 22
العقود: عقد 1970  عقد 1980  عقد 1990  - عقد 2000 -  عقد 2010  عقد 2020  عقد 2030
السنوات: 1998 1999 2000 - 2001 - 2002 2003 2004
2001 حسب الموضوع:
أخبار حسب الشهر
يناير - فبراير - مارس - أبريل - مايو - يونيو
يوليو - أغسطس - سبتمبر - أكتوبر - نوفمبر - ديسمبر
الفنون
العمارة - الفن - الفيلم - الفيديو المنزلي - الأدب (الشعر) - الموسيقى (الراي، الميتال، الموسيقى البريطانية) - الإذاعة - التلفزيون
السياسة
انتخابات - قادة دوليون - السياسة - قادة الدول - البلدان المستقلة
العلوم والتكنولوجيا
الآثار - الطيران - الطيور/علم الطيور - الأرصاد الجوية - النقل بالسكك الحديدية - العلوم - ارتياد الفضاء
الرياضة
الرياضة - ألعاب القوى (المضمار) - Australian Football League - الإسكواش - كرة القدم - كرة اليد - كرة السلة - التنس - National Rugby League
حسب المكان
المغرب - موريتانيا - الجزائر - تونس - ليبيا - مصر - السودان - الصومال - فلسطين - سوريا - لبنان - الأردن - العراق - الكويت - السعودية - البحرين - قطر - الإمارات - عُمان - اليمن - تركيا - إيران - الصين - الدنمارك - الاتحاد الاوروپي - فرنسا - ألمانيا - الهند - الجامعة العربية - إيطاليا - اليابان - إندونسيا ماليزيا - پاكستان - روسيا - إسپانيا - جنوب أفريقيا - إسرائيل - المملكة المتحدة - الولايات المتحدة - أفغانستان
موضوعات أخرى
جوائز - الألعاب - القانون - قادة دينيون - ألعاب الفيديو
تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات
المواليد - الوفيات
تصنيفات تأسيسات وإنحلالات
تأسيسات - إنحلالات
تصانيف الأعمال والطروحات
أعمال - أطروحات
الألفية: الألفية 3
القرون: القرن 20 - القرن 21 - القرن 22
العقود: عقد 1970  عقد 1980  عقد 1990  - عقد 2000 -  عقد 2010  عقد 2020  عقد 2030
السنوات: 1998 1999 2000 - 2001 - 2002 2003 2004
2001 حسب الموضوع:
أخبار حسب الشهر
يناير – فبراير – مارس – أبريل – مايو – يونيو
يوليو – أغسطس – سبتمبر – أكتوبر – نوفمبر – ديسمبر
الفنون
العمارة – الفن – القصص المصورة – السينما – الفيديو – الأدب (الشعر) – الموسيقى (موسيقى الريف، الهيڤي ميتال، الموسيقى العربية) – الإذاعة – التلفزيون – ألعاب الفيديو
السياسة
الانتخابات – قادة دوليون – السياسة – قادة الدول – الدول المستقلة
العلوم والتكنولوجيا
الآثار – الطيران – علم الطيور – علم الأرصاد الجوية – علم الأحياء القديمة – النقل بالسكك الحديدية – العلوم – رحلات الفضاء
الرياضة
الرياضة – ألعاب القوى (المضمار الميدان) – كرة السلة – كرة القدم – كرة اليد – الكرة الطائرة – الكريكت – هوكي الجليد – Motorsport – التنس – دوري الرگبي – اتحاد الرگبي
حسب المكان
الجزائر – الأرجنتين – أستراليا – بلجيكا - البرازيل – كندا – الصين – الدنمارك – إلسلڤادور – مصر – الاتحاد الاوروپي – فرنسا – جورجيا – ألمانيا – غانا – المجر – الهند – العراق – إيران – أيرلندا – إسرائيل – إيطاليا – اليابان – كنيا – ليتوانيا – لوكسمبورگ – ماليزيا – المكسيك – نيوزيلندا – النرويج – پاكستان – الأراضي الفلسطينية – الفلپين – پولندا – رومانيا – روسيا – سنغافورة – جنوب أفريقيا – كوريا الجنوبية – إسپانيا – سريلانكا – الإمارات المتحدة – المملكة المتحدة – الولايات المتحدة
موضوعات أخرى
جوائز – القانون – القادة الدينيون - الإنترنت
تصنيف المواليد والوفيات
مواليد – وفيات
تصنيفات تأسيسات وانحلالات
تأسيسات – انحلالات
تصنيفات أعمال وأطروحات
أعمال – أطروحات
2001 في التقاويم الأخرى
التقويم الگريگوري2001
MMI
آب أوربه كونديتا2754
التقويم الأرمني1450
ԹՎ ՌՆԾ
التقويم الآشوري6751
التقويم البهائي157–158
التقويم البنغالي1408
التقويم الأمازيغي2951
سنة العهد البريطاني49 إليز. 2 – 50 إليز. 2
التقويم البوذي2545
التقويم البورمي1363
التقويم البيزنطي7509–7510
التقويم الصيني庚辰年 (المعدن التنين)
4697 أو 4637
    — إلى —
辛巳年 (المعدن الثعبان)
4698 أو 4638
التقويم القبطي1717–1718
التقويم الديسكوردي3167
التقويم الإثيوپي1993–1994
التقويم العبري5761–5762
التقاويم الهندوسية
 - ڤيكرام سامڤات2057–2058
 - شاكا سامڤات1923–1924
 - كالي يوگا5102–5103
تقويم الهولوسين12001
تقويم الإگبو1001–1002
التقويم الإيراني1379–1380
التقويم الهجري1421–1422
التقويم اليابانيHeisei 13
(平成１３年)
تقويم جوچى90
التقويم اليوليوسيالگريگوري ناقص 13 يوم
التقويم الكوري4334
تقويم مينگووجمهورية الصين 90
民國90年
التقويم الشمسي التايلندي2544
توقيت يونيكس978307200–1009843199
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سنة 2001 (MMI) كانت سنة بسيطة تبدأ يوم الاثنين (الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 2001st بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 1st في الألفية 3، السنة 1st في القرن 21، والسنة 2nd في عقد 2000. 2001 was dominated by the هجمات 11 سبتمبر against the United States by تنظيم القاعدة, which killed 2,977 people وأشعلت الحرب العالمية على الإرهاب.[1][2] The United States led a multi-national coalition in an invasion of Afghanistan after the Taliban government did not extradite Al-Qaeda leader أسامة بن لادن.

Internal conflicts, political or otherwise, caused shifts in leadership in multiple countries, which included the assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[3] the Second EDSA Revolution in the Philippines,[4] the massacre of the royal family by the crown prince in Nepal,[5] and civil unrest in Argentina.[6] Other notable political events were an escalation in the الصراع الإسرائيلي الفلسطيني،[7] the storming of the Indonesian parliament,[8] the Hainan Island incident between China and the United States,[9] an insurgency in Macedonia,[10] and a terrorist attack on the Parliament of India that began the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.[11]

Space milestones in 2001 were numerous, the most notable being the first spacecraft landing on an asteroid,[12] the deorbit of the Russian station Mir,[13] American entrepreneur Dennis Tito becoming the first space tourist,[14] the discovery of 28978 Ixion in the Kuiper belt,[15] a flyby of Io by the U.S. Galileo probe,[16] and the first discovery of an atmosphere on an exoplanet.[17] In addition, the year witnessed the first sequence of the human genome,[18] the first self-contained artificial heart,[19] and the first clone of a human embryo.[20]

2001 was designated as International Year of Volunteers by the United Nations.[21]
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الصحة والمجتمع

The world population on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people, and it increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002.[22] The average global life expectancy was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000.[22] The rate of child mortality was 7.58%, a decrease of 0.26% from 2000.[23] 28.25% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 0.88% from 2000.[24]

The number of global refugees in 2001 was approximately 12 million. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of internally displaced persons decreased from 21.8 million to 19.8 million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.[25]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized mental health as its health concern of focus in the 2001 World Health Report.[26] The WHO also began a five-year program to reduce road injury fatalities following a warning of the problem's severity by the Red Cross the previous year.[27] The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations but that efforts to do so were impeded by the anti-globalization movement.[28]

2001 was designated as International Year of Volunteers by the United Nations.[29]


أحداث صحية

An ebola outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16.[30] Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which would continue until July 2002.[31] An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease occurred in the United Kingdom in 2001, beginning on February 19.[32] It affected thousands of farm animals and prompted the killing of millions of animals to contain the outbreak.[33] The largest ever recorded outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurred in July in Murcia, Spain. 449 cases were confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.[34]

Approximately 400,000 people in New York City were exposed to air pollution by carcinogens and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of the September 11 attacks, and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure.[35]

نزاعات

نزاعات داخلية

The 2001 insurgency in Macedonia began on January 22 when the National Liberation Army (NLA) attacked a police station in Tearce, about 15 kilometres (9 mi) from the border with Kosovo, which escalated what had been smaller skirmishes along the border. The Battle of Tetovo was the first major offensive of the insurgency, launched by the NLA on March 14.[36] Tetovo would remain a major area of conflict for the duration of the insurgency.[37] Attempts to reach a ceasefire were interrupted in June.[38] The Ohrid Agreement was signed on August 13,[39] and the deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces to Macedonia was authorized on August 21.[10] In Yugoslavia, the related insurgency in the Preševo Valley by Albanian rebels escalated on February 5.[40] The Končulj Agreement, signed in May, mandated a ceasefire and resulted in the full demilitarization, demobilization, and disarmament of the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB).[41]

The Second Congo War continued with the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila on January 16.[3] The Angolan Civil War moved toward peace talks in 2001, but talks were challenged by attacks on civilians by UNITA,[42] including a train bombing on August 10 that killed 252 people.[43] The insurgency following the Second Chechen War continued in Chechnya, prompting Russia to respond with the Alkhan-Kala operation on June 25.[44] The War of the Peters continued into 2001 as a conflict between two commanders within the larger Second Sudanese Civil War, going on until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.[45] The Bandaranaike Airport attack was a deadly attack by the Tamil Tigers that took place as part of the ongoing Eelam War III in Sri Lanka.[46] The Provisional Irish Republican Army began disarmament in October following decades of paramilitary attacks during the Troubles.[47]

Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President Pierre Buyoya in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18,[48] and André Kolingba, a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor Ange-Félix Patassé on May 28, causing several days of violence.[49]

النزاعات الدولية

الانتفاضة الثانية marked increased conflict between Israel and Palestine in 2001 when terrorists affiliated with Hamas carried out several suicide bombings and other attacks on Israeli citizens.[7][50] The Israeli government responded with temporary occupations,[7] targeted killings,[51] and its first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.[52] The Israeli and Palestinian governments agreed to a ceasefire on September 19.[53]

Border clashes occurred between Bangladesh and India in April.[54] The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff began on December 13 after an attack on the Parliament of India by Pakistani militants.[11] Enforcement of the Iraqi no-fly zones led to air strikes against Iraq in February and August by the United States and the United Kingdom.[55]

September 11 attacks and War in Afghanistan

المقالة الرئيسية: September 11 attacks and United States invasion of Afghanistan

The September 11 attacks were committed against the United States by Al-Qaeda when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and one in a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. 2,977 people were killed, and the subsequent global war on terror made the attacks one of the events that defined 2001.[1][2][56] The United States demanded that the Taliban extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and end state-sponsored terrorism in Afghanistan. When these demands were not met, the United States led a multi-national coalition in the invasion of Afghanistan on October 7, entering into the ongoing Afghan Civil War.[57]

The first major offensive was won by American and Northern Alliance forces during the Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif on November 10.[58] The Northern Alliance took control of the city of Herat during an uprising on November 12,[59] and Al-Qaeda surrendered the Afghan capital Kabul to the Northern Alliance on November 13.[60] The Taliban surrendered in Kandahar on December 6.[61] The United States and its allies attacked the Al-Qaeda headquarters in Tora Bora in December, but Osama bin Laden escaped by the time the cave complex was captured by the forces on December 17.[62] An interim government of Afghanistan led by Hamid Karzai was formed on December 22.[63]


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الثقافة

العمارة والفن

المقالة الرئيسية: 2001 في العمارة and 2001 في الفن

Museums that opened in 2001 include the Ghibli Museum in Tokyo,[64] the Neue Galerie New York,[65] the Jewish Museum Berlin,[66] and the Leopold Museum in Vienna.[67] The Kodak Theatre opened in Hollywood in November 2001, constructed to host the Academy Awards.[68] The Leaning Tower of Pisa reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.[69]

Several iconic works of photojournalism were produced during the September 11 attacks, including The Falling Man and Raising the Flag at Ground Zero.[70] The Sphere was one of many artworks damaged during the attacks. It was the only one to be recovered, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.[71]

الإعلام

المقالة الرئيسية: 2001 في الأفلام, 2001 in music, and 2001 in video games

The highest-grossing films in 2001 were Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, and Monsters, Inc. The highest-grossing non-English film was Studio Ghibli's anime Spirited Away (Japanese), which was the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.[72] The inaugural entries of the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings film franchises prompted a shift in both the film and literary communities by propelling fantasy into mainstream culture, popularizing young adult novels, and reforming the blockbuster to promote film franchises and cater to fandom communities.[73][74]

In music, 3.2 billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7 billion. DVD-Audio and Super Audio CD first rose to prominence in 2001, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats.[75] Portable music grew in popularity after Apple Inc. released the iTunes media library on January 9[76] and the first iPod music player device on October 23.[77] Worldwide, the best-selling albums were Hybrid Theory (2000) by Linkin Park, No Angel (1999) by Dido, and Survivor (2001) by Destiny's Child.[78] The best-selling non-English album was Cieli di Toscana (تر. Tuscan Skies; 2001) by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden[79] and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.[78]

The year 2001 is considered important in the video game industry, partly because of the release of many games recognized as classics.[80][81] Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including hack and slash game Devil May Cry,[82][83] first-person shooter game Halo: Combat Evolved,[84][85] and open world action-adventure game Grand Theft Auto III, which is regarded as an industry-defining work.[86][87]

In addition, the GameCube and the Game Boy Advance (Nintendo), and the Xbox (Microsoft) were Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the GameCube and the Game Boy Advance by Nintendo, and the Xbox by Microsoft.[88] were major new video gaming systems released in this year.[89] Meanwhile, Sega ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the Dreamcast.[90]

Bratz, an American media franchise created by former Mattel employee Carter Bryant for MGA Entertainment, released its new line of fashion dolls on May 21.[91]

الرياضة

المقالة الرئيسية: 2001 في الرياضة

كوارث

حوادث

Two major crowd crushes took place at sporting events in 2001. 43 people were killed during the Ellis Park Stadium disaster on April 11 in Johannesburg, South Africa, caused by overcrowding,[92] and 126 people were killed in the Accra Sports Stadium disaster on May 9 in Ghana, during an ongoing sports riot.[93]

Major structural failures in 2001 included the collapse of the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge in Portugal on March 4, killing approximately 70 people,[94] and the collapse of a wedding hall on May 24 in Jerusalem, Israel, killing 23 people.[95] 44 people were killed in a building fire, the fifth-deadliest in post-war Japanese history,[96] on September 1 in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.[97] 31 people were killed when a fertilizer factory exploded on September 21 in Toulouse, France. The explosion was caused by a chemical spill amid unsafe storage practices.[98] At least 291 people were killed in Lima, Peru, on December 29 after a firework accident caused a fire in a shopping center.[99]

The deadliest rail accidents in 2001 include a collision that killed at least 30 people at Nvoungouti in the Republic of the Congo on January 12,[100] a train derailment over a bridge that killed 59 people in Kadalundi, India, on June 22,[101] and two accidents in Indonesia: a collision that killed 31 people in Jakarta on September 2,[102] and a collision that killed 42 people at the Ketanggungan Barat railway station on December 25.[103] The deadliest aircraft accidents in 2001 include a Vladivostok Air crash at International Airport Irkutsk, Russia, which killed 145 people on July 4,[104] a collision at Linate Airport in Milan, Italy, which killed 118 people on October 8,[105] and an American Airlines crash in Queens, New York City, which killed 265 people on November 12.[106]


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الكوارث الطبيعية

One of the landslides caused by the January 2001 earthquake in El Salvador; About 585 of the deaths are caused by landslides in Santa Tecla and Comasagua.
المقالة الرئيسية: List of earthquakes in 2001 and Tropical cyclones in 2001

There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: a 7.6-magnitude earthquake on January 13 and a 6.6-magnitude earthquake on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively.[107][108] A 7.7-magnitude earthquake in Gujarat, India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.[109][110] An 8.4-magnitude earthquake, then the strongest that had occurred globally since 1965, killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23.[111] A 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck China with an epicenter near Kokoxili, close to the border between Qinghai and Xinjiang, on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.[112]

The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were Tropical Storm Allison in June, Hurricane Iris in October, and Hurricane Michelle in November. All three of these storms had their names retired by the World Meteorological Organization. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength.[113] The 2001 Pacific typhoon season was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were Typhoon Podul in October and Typhoon Faxai in December.[114]

الاقتصاد

للمزيد من المعلومات: كساد مطلع عقد 2000
انظر أيضاً: 2001 world oil market chronology and Economic effects of the September 11 attacks

A minor economic decline took place among many developed economies in 2001. The United States saw a recession from March to November after a correction of the dot-com bubble, an over-valued tech industry. Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.[115] European economies also saw stalled growth in 2001,[116] with Germany entering a brief recession toward the end of the year.[117] Argentina's years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December when a bank run prompted the freezing of deposits, in turn causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina.[118] Overall, 2001 marked a decline in international trade by about 1.5%, which was a significant contrast from the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative growth in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.[119]

Greece became the 12th country to join the Eurozone on January 1.[120] America Online (AOL), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner. The deal took effect on January 11, in the largest merger in history at that time.[121] AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up and rise of broadband, and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.[122][123] The Enron scandal took place in October 2001 when Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history.[124] The national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (Sabena and Swissair, respectively) ended operations in 2001.[125][126]

السياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: 2001 in politics
Freedom House recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights, emerging from the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant democratic backsliding in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.[127]

Islamic terrorism became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. Islamic extremism was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the Muslim world through the implementation of Islamism and in the rest of the world through terrorism.[127]

المحلية

The taller Buddha of Bamiyan before (left) and after destruction (right)

The Islamic State of Afghanistan was the de jure government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a government in exile while the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan held de facto control over most of the country.[128] Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the Taliban proceeded to destroy the Buddhas of Bamiyan starting on March 2, having declared that they are idols.[129] The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.[63]

The Second EDSA Revolution took place in the Philippines in January. Protests amid a corruption scandal and the resulting impeachment of President Joseph Estrada caused the president to announce his resignation, and he was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on January 20.[4] A self-immolation incident took place in Tiananmen Square in central Beijing, China, on January 23. Five members of the Falun Gong, a religious movement banned in mainland China, are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.[130] Thousands of protesters stormed the Indonesian parliament building on January 29.[8] The Argentine great depression escalated with rioting on December 19, prompting President Fernando de la Rúa to resign two days later.[6][131]

Two former heads of government were arrested in 2001: President Slobodan Milošević of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 2 for his role in the Srebrenica massacre,[132] and President Carlos Menem of Argentina (1989–1999) was arrested on June 7 for arms trafficking.[133]

Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when John Kufuor was sworn in as President of Ghana on January 7.[134] The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize same-sex marriage on April 1.[135] The royal family of Nepal was killed on June 1 by Crown Prince Dipendra, who effectively became king upon his father's death. King Dipendra died days later and was succeeded by his uncle Gyanendra.[5] The Constitution of the Comoros was amended on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.[136]

الدولية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Constitutive Act of the African Union
انظر أيضاً: China–United States relations and Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
Flag of the African Union, adopted at its 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in 2010

Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001: The African Union was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues. It would take effect in 2002, replacing the Organisation of African Unity.[137] The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.[138] Three countries joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,[139] Moldova on July 26,[140] and China on December 11.[141] The WTO began the Doha Development Round in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.[142]

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was signed on May 22 to limit the production of persistent organic pollutants.[143] The World Conference against Racism 2001 began on August 31, in Durban, South Africa, under the auspices of the United Nations.[144] Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating Zionism with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.[145] The Aarhus Convention agreement took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and environmental justice for European and Central Asian countries.[146] The Convention on Cybercrime, the first international treaty to address cybercrime, was signed on November 23.[147]

A diplomatic incident occurred between China and the United States when military planes of the two countries collided on April 1.[9]

العلوم والتكنولوجيا

المقالة الرئيسية: 2001 في العلوم and 2001 في ارتياد الفضاء

The Human Genome Project released the first draft of its human genome sequence on February 12.[18] The first self-contained artificial heart was implanted on July 2.[19] Several accomplishments were made in the field of cloning in 2001, including the clone of a gaur[148] the clone of a mouflon,[149] and the first clone of a human embryo.[20]

Crew of Soyuz TM-32: (L-R) Dennis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yuri Baturin

There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.[150] The NEAR Shoemaker made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12.[12] The Mir space station was deorbited and destroyed on March 23.[13] The 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.[151] American entrepreneur Dennis Tito became the first space tourist on April 28 aboard the Russian Soyuz TM-32.[14] 28978 Ixion was discovered on May 22.[15] The Genesis probe was launched on August 8 to collect solar wind samples.[152] Deep Space 1 carried out a flyby of Comet Borrelly on September 22,[153] and Galileo carried out a flyby of Io on October 15.[16] An atmosphere was discovered on an exoplanet for the first time on November 27.[17]

Apple Inc. released the Mac OS X operating system for Mac computers on March 24.[154] 3G wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was adopted by Japanese telecommunications company NTT Docomo.[155] Microsoft released the Windows XP operating system to retail on October 25.[156] The Segway, a self-balancing personal transporter invented by Dean Kamen, was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,[157] on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America.[158]

الأحداث

يناير

فبراير

مارس

أبريل

مايو

يونيو

يوليو

أغسطس

سبتمبر

September 11 attacks

اكتوبر

نوفمبر

Soldiers board a Chinook helicopter

ديسمبر

المواليد

الوفيات

المقالة الرئيسية: Deaths in 2001

يناير

Marie José of Belgium

فبراير

Dale Earnhardt

مارس

Ann Sothern

أبريل

Joey Ramone

مايو

Douglas Adams

يونيو

Jack Lemmon

يوليو

أغسطس

سبتمبر

أكتوبر

نوفمبر

George Harrison

ديسمبر

Nigel Hawthorne

تاريخ الوفاة بالتحديد غير معروف

  • Etan Patz was declared legally dead. He was an American child that disappeared on May 25, 1979. His disappearance sparked the missing children's movement.

في الخيال

المقالة الرئيسية: Works of fiction set in 2001

جوائز

جوائز نوبل

جائزة تمپلتون

المصادر

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