التقويم الياباني
أنواع التقويم الياباني تضمنت نطاقاً من الأنظمة الرسمية وغير الرسمية. وفي الوقت الحاضر، تستخدم اليابان التقويم الگريگوري مع year designations stating the year of the reign of the current Emperor.[1]
يستخدم التقويم الياباني عدة أنظمة منها الرسمي وغير الرسمي. في الوقت الحاضر، يستخدم التقويم الميلادي مع تغير في تسمية السنوات حسب فترات حكم الإمبراطور.[2]
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التقويم الرسمي
الفصول
| الاسم العربي | الاسم الياباني | الرومنة | التواريخ التقليدية |
|---|---|---|---|
| الربيع | 春 | هارو | 21 مارس – 20 يونيو |
| الصيف | 夏 | ناتسو | 21 يونيو – 8 أكتوبر |
| الخريف | 秋 | آكي | 9 أكتوبر – 7 ديسمبر |
| الشتاء | 冬 | فويو | 8 ديسمبر – 20 مارس |
انظر أيضاً "أيام الفصول"، أدناه.
وعلى الرغم من أن اليابان اعتمدت التقويم الميلادي المعياري في عام 1873، إلا أن الكثير من ملامح تقويمها السابق لا تزال قيد الاستخدام حتى اليوم. لا تزال بعض المهرجانات تقام لتتناسب مع التواريخ التقليدية، وقد تضمن دور طباعة التقويمات تلك المناسبات في منشوراتها. [3]
الشهور
The modern Japanese names for the months literally translate to "first month", "second month", and so on. The corresponding number is combined with the suffix 月 (-gatsu, "month"). The table below uses traditional numerals, but the use of Western numerals (１月, ２月, ３月 etc.) is common.
In addition, every month has a traditional name, still used by some in fields such as poetry; of the twelve, Shiwasu is still widely used today. The opening paragraph of a letter or the greeting in a speech might borrow one of these names to convey a sense of the season. Some, such as Yayoi and Satsuki, do double duty as given names (for women). These month names also appear from time to time on jidaigeki, contemporary television shows and movies set in the Edo period or earlier.
The old Japanese calendar was an adjusted lunar calendar based on the Chinese calendar, and the year—and with it the months—started anywhere from about 3 to 7 weeks later than the modern year, so in historical contexts it is not entirely accurate to equate the first month with January.
| الاسم العربي | الاسم الياباني الشائع | الاسم الياباني التقليدي |
|---|---|---|
| January | 一月 (ichigatsu) | Mutsuki (睦月, "Month of Love," alternatively "Month of Affection").[4] |
| February | 二月 (nigatsu) | Kisaragi (如月) or Kinusaragi (衣更着, "Changing Clothes").[4] |
| March | 三月 (sangatsu) | Yayoi (弥生, "New Life").[4] |
| April | 四月 (shigatsu) | Uzuki (卯月, "u-no-hana month").[4] The u-no-hana (卯の花) is a flower, of the genus Deutzia.[5] |
| May | 五月 (gogatsu) | Satsuki (皐月) or Sanaetsuki (早苗月, "Early-rice-planting Month").[4] |
| June | 六月 (rokugatsu) | Minazuki (水無月, "Month of Water"). The 無 character, which normally means "absent" or "there is no", is here ateji, that is, used only for the sound "na". In this name the na is actually a possessive particle, so 'minazuki' means "month of water", not "month without water", and this is in reference to the flooding of the rice fields, which require large quantities of water.[6] |
| July | 七月 (shichigatsu) | Fumizuki (文月, "Month of Erudition").[4] |
| August | 八月 (hachigatsu) | Hazuki (葉月, "Month of Leaves"). In old Japanese, the month was called 葉落ち月 (Haochizuki, or "Month of Falling Leaves").[4] |
| September | 九月 (kugatsu) | Nagatsuki (長月, "The Long Month").[4] |
| October | 十月 (jūgatsu) | Kannazuki or Kaminazuki (神無月, Month of the Gods). The 無 character, which normally means "absent" or "there is not", was here probably originally used as ateji, that is used only for the sound "na". In this name the na is actually a possessive particle, so Kaminazuki means "Month of the Gods", not "Month without Gods" (Kaminakizuki), similarly to Minatsuki, the "Month of Water".[7] However, by false etymology this became commonly interpreted to mean that because in that month all the Shinto kami gather at Izumo shrine in Izumo Province (modern-day Shimane Prefecture), there are no gods in the rest of the country. Thus in Izumo Province, the month is called Kamiarizuki (神有月 or 神在月, "Month with Gods"). This interpretation is the one commonly cited in western works.[8] Various other etymologies have also been suggested from time to time.[9] |
| November | 十一月 (jūichigatsu) | Shimotsuki (霜月, "Month of Frost").[4] |
| December | 十二月 (jūnigatsu) | Shiwasu (師走, "Priests Running"). This is in reference to priests being busy at the end of the year for New Year's preparations and blessings.[4] |
Subdivisions of the month
Japan uses a seven-day week, aligned with the Western calendar. The seven-day week, with names for the days corresponding to the Latin system, was brought to Japan around AD 800 with the Buddhist calendar. The system was used for astrological purposes and little else until 1876.
Just as in English, the names of the days come from the Latin names, based on what the Ancient Romans considered the seven visible planets, meaning the five visible planets and the sun and the moon. In The Far East the five visible planets are named after the five Chinese elements. (metal, wood, water, fire, earth) On the origin of the names of the days of the week, also see East Asian Seven Luminaries.
| Japanese | Romanization | Element (planet) | English name |
|---|---|---|---|
| 日曜日 | nichiyōbi | Sun | Sunday |
| 月曜日 | getsuyōbi | Moon | Monday |
| 火曜日 | kayōbi | Fire (Mars) | Tuesday |
| 水曜日 | suiyōbi | Water (Mercury) | Wednesday |
| 木曜日 | mokuyōbi | Wood (Jupiter) | Thursday |
| 金曜日 | kin'yōbi | Metal (Venus) | Friday |
| 土曜日 | doyōbi | Earth (Saturn) | Saturday |
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Days of the month
Each day of the month has a semi-systematic name. The days generally use kun (native Japanese) numeral readings up to ten, and thereafter on (Chinese-derived) readings, but there are some irregularities. The table below shows dates written with traditional numerals, but use of Arabic numerals (１日, ２日, ３日, etc.) is extremely common in everyday communication, almost the norm.
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انظر أيضاً
مراجع
- ^ "Calendar" at Japan-guide.com; Bramsen, William. (1880). Japanese chronological tables, p. 25.
- ^ Japanese calendar
- ^ https://www.nippon.com/ar/japan-glances/jg00122/
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر "Can you tell me the old names of the months?". About.com. Retrieved 2011-05-05.[ About.com, Can you tell me the old names of the months?]
- ^ "「卯月」で始まる言葉 - 国語辞書の検索結果 - goo辞書" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2011-11-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "「水無月」で始まる言葉 - 国語辞書の検索結果 - goo辞書" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2011-11-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Entries in the standard dictionaries Daijisen 大辞泉 (Shōgakukan 小学館), Daijirin 大辞林 (Sanseidō 三省堂), Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 日本国語大辞典 (Shōgakukan 小学館).
- ^ For example, Ian Reader and George J. Tanabe, Jr. (1998). Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-8248-2090-8.
- ^ The Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 日本国語大辞典 (Shōgakukan 小学館) lists nine more besides.
وصلات خارجية
- Rokuyo – Lucky and Unlucky Days of the Japanese Calendar in Japanese
- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
- The Lunar Calendar in Japan
- Koyomi no page in Japanese
- Koyomi no hanashi in Japanese
- Rokuyō calculator in Japanese
- Rokuyō calendar in English
- Convert Western Years to Japanese Years converts Gregorian calendar years to Japanese Emperor Era years (known as nengo)
- NengoCalc (Tool for converting Japanese dates into Western equivalents)
- This Year in Japan Shows what the current year in Japan is
- Convert a Western year into a Japanese year (sci.lang.Japan FAQ pages)