المعرفة

منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو

"منطقة الخليج" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر منطقة الخليج (توضيح).
لا يجب الخلط بين موضوع المقال و the more extensive سان هوزيه-سان فرانسسكو-أوكلاند، كاليفورنيا، المنطقة الإحصائية المجمعة.

منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو إنگليزية: San Francisco Bay Area هي منطقة محيطة بخليج سان فرانسيسكو بولاية كاليفورنيا بالولايات المتحدة.

منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
San Francisco Bay Area
Conurbation
Golden Gate Bridge at Purple sunset (cropped).jpg
Overwhelming Height (18029596268).jpg
San Francisco China Town MC.jpg
Downtown San Jose (30001966530).jpg
Fall in Napa Valley.jpg
Baylands.jpg
Sather Tower and Campanile - Michael Pihulic 10.jpg
Stanford Oval May 2011 panorama.jpg
Clockwise from top: The Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco Chinatown with the Bay Bridge in the background, Napa Valley vineyards, Sather Tower at UC Berkeley with the Bay in the background, the Stanford University Oval, the Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve, downtown San Jose's skyline, and Muir Woods National Monument
Location of the Bay Area within California.      The nine-county Bay Area.      Additional counties in the larger fourteen-county combined statistical area.
Location of the Bay Area within California.
     The nine-county Bay Area.
     Additional counties in the larger fourteen-county combined statistical area.
البلدالولايات المتحدة
ولايةكاليفورنيا
المدن الرئيسية
قائمة
المساحة
[1]
 • Nine-county6٬966 ميل² (18٬040 كم²)
 • San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area10٬191 ميل² (26٬390 كم²)
أعلى منسوب
[2]
Copernicus Peak
4٬360 ft (1٬330 m)
أوطى منسوب
[3]
Alviso
−13 ft (−4 m)
التعداد
 (2020)
 • Nine-county
7٫76 million[4]
 • كثافة Nine-county1٬115/sq mi (431/km2)
 • San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area
9٫71 million[4]
 • كثافة San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area953/sq mi (368/km2)
منطقة التوقيتUTC−08:00 (Pacific)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−07:00 (PDT)
Area codes408/669, 415/628, 510/341, 650, 707, 925[5]
منظر أفق سان فرانسسكو من الخليج.

San Francisco Bay Area, popularly referred to as the Bay Area, is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun Bay estuaries in Northern California. Although the exact boundaries of the region are variously defined, the Bay Area is defined by the Association of Bay Area Governments to include the nine counties that border the aforementioned estuaries: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma, and San Francisco. Other definitions may exclude parts of or even entire counties, or expand the boundaries to include neighboring counties that do not border the bay such as Santa Cruz and San Benito (more often included in the Central Coast regions); or San Joaquin, Merced, and Stanislaus (more often included in the Central Valley).[6]

Home to approximately 7.75 million people, Northern California's nine-county Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks, connected by a complex multimodal transportation network. The larger federal classification, the combined statistical area of the region which includes fourteen counties,[6] is the second-largest in California (after the Greater Los Angeles area), the fifth-largest in the United States, and the 41st-largest urban area in the world with 9.67 million people.[7] The Bay Area's population is ethnically diverse: for example, roughly half of the region's residents are Hispanic, Asian, African American, or Pacific Islander, all of whom have a significant presence throughout the region.

The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlements in the Bay Area dates back to 8000–10,000 BCE (from shell mounds in the Coyote Hills). In 1769, the Bay Area was inhabited by the Ohlone people when a Spanish exploration party led by Gaspar de Portolà entered the Bay – the first documented European visit to the Bay Area. After Mexico established independence from Spain in 1821, the region was briefly controlled by the Mexican government until the United States seized the territory in 1846 during the Mexican–American War. Soon after, discovery of gold in California attracted a flood of treasure seekers, many using ports in the Bay Area as an entry point. During the early years of California's statehood, state legislative business rotated between three locations in the Bay Area before a permanent state capital was established in Sacramento. A major earthquake leveled the city of San Francisco and environs in 1906, but the region quickly rebuilt in time to host the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. During World War II, the Bay Area played a major role in America's war effort in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater, with the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, of which Fort Mason was one of fourteen installations and location of the headquarters, acting as a primary embarkation point for American forces. In 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco, establishing the United Nations, and in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers. Since then, the Bay Area has experienced numerous political, cultural and artistic movements, developing unique local genres in music and art and establishing itself as a hotbed of progressive politics. Economically, the post-war Bay Area saw huge growth in the financial and technology industries, creating a vibrant and diverse economy with a gross domestic product of over $700 billion, and home to the third-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the United States (as of 2018).[8][9]

Despite its urban character, the San Francisco Bay is one of California's most ecologically important habitats, providing key ecosystem services such as filtering pollutants and sediments from the rivers and supporting a number of endangered species. In addition, the Bay is known for its stands of coast redwoods, many of which are protected in state and county parks. The region is also known for the complexity of its landforms, the result of millions of years of tectonic plate movements. Because the Bay Area is crossed by six major earthquake faults, the region is particularly exposed to hazards presented by large earthquakes. The climate is temperate and generally very mild, and is ideal for outdoor recreational and athletic activities such as hiking. The Bay Area is host to six professional sports teams and is a cultural center for music, theater, and the arts. It is also host to higher education institutions, including research universities such as Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley. Home to 101 municipalities and nine counties, governance in the Bay Area involves numerous local and regional actors, often with broad and overlapping responsibilities.

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الحدود

 
A map of the locally accepted nine-county definition of the Bay Area. Also displayed are the five subregions of the Bay Area, which are divided along county lines except for the northwestern portion of Santa Clara county.

The borders of the San Francisco Bay Area are not officially delineated, and the unique development patterns influenced by the region's topography, as well as unusual commute patterns caused by the presence of three central cities and employment centers located in various suburban locales, has led to considerable disagreement between local and federal definitions of the area.[10] Because of this, professor of geography at the University of California, Berkeley Richard Walker claimed that "no other U.S. city-region is as definitionally challenged [as the Bay Area]."[10]

When the region began to rapidly develop during and immediately after World War II, local planners settled on a nine-county definition for the Bay Area, consisting of the counties that directly border the San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun estuaries: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma counties.[11] Today, this definition is accepted by most local governmental agencies including San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board,[12] Bay Area Air Quality Management District,[13] the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority,[14] the Metropolitan Transportation Commission,[15] and the Association of Bay Area Governments,[16] the latter two of which partner to deliver a Bay Area Census using the nine-county definition.[17]

Various U.S. Federal government agencies use definitions that differ from their local counterparts' nine-county definition. For example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which regulates broadcast, cable, and satellite transmissions, includes nearby Colusa, Lake and Mendocino counties in their "San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose" media market, but excludes eastern Solano county.[18] On the other hand, the United States Office of Management and Budget, which designates metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and combined statistical areas (CSA) for populated regions across the country, has five MSAs which include, wholly or partially, areas within the nine-county definition, and one CSA which includes all nine counties plus neighboring San Benito, Santa Cruz, San Joaquin, Merced, and Stanislaus counties.[6]

The Association of Bay Area Health Officers (ABAHO), an organization that has fought local outbreaks of AIDS and COVID-19, consists of the public health officers of the nine Bay Area counties plus Santa Cruz, Monterey, and San Benito counties and the city of Berkeley.[19]


المناطق الفرعية

شرق الخليج

المقالة الرئيسية: شرق خليج سان فرانسسكو
 
South Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, Alameda و Bay Bridge

شمال الخليج

المقالة الرئيسية: الخليج الشمالي (منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو)
 
وادي ناپا is most famous for its wine.

شبه الجزيرة

المقالة الرئيسية: شبه جزيرة سان فرانسيسكو
 
منظر كولما، كاليفورنيا, looking down from San Bruno Mountain

سان فرانسسكو

المقالة الرئيسية: سان فرانسسكو
 
پانوراما لسان فرانسسكو من توين پيكس.


جنوب الخليج

انظر أيضاً: وادي سانتا كلارا and وادي السليكون
 
A panorama over Downtown San Jose

الخليج الخارجي

المقالة الرئيسية: Santa Cruz County, California; San Benito County, California; and San Joaquin County, California

المنطقة العمرانية

انظر أيضاً: List of metropolitan areas of the United States

The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and one Combined Statistical Area (CSA) for the San Francisco Bay Area and nearby counties.[20] These comprise:

  1. The San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin counties
  2. The San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising Santa Clara and San Benito counties
  3. The Stockton-Lodi, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising San Joaquin County
  4. The Santa Rosa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising Sonoma County
  5. The Vallejo-Fairfield, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising Solano County
  6. The Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising Santa Cruz County
  7. The Napa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising Napa County
  8. The San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area comprising all seven MSAs above and their 12 counties

The United States Census Bureau estimates the population for these areas as of July 1, 2014 as follows:[21][22]

OMB designated statistical areas for the San Francisco Bay Area and outlying counties
Statistical area 2014 Estimate 2010 Census Change
San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 4٬594٬060 4٬335٬391 +5٫97%
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 1٬952٬872 1٬836٬911 +6٫31%
Stockton-Lodi, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 715٬597 685٬306 +4٫42%
Santa Rosa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 500٬292 483٬878 +3٫39%
Vallejo-Fairfield, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 431٬131 413٬344 +4٫30%
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 271٬804 262٬382 +3٫59%
Napa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area 141٬667 136٬484 +3٫80%
San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area 8٬607٬423 8٬153٬696 +5٫56%

The San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area ranks as the fifth most populous metropolitan area of the United States.[22]

The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the population of the less extensive nine-county Bay Area as of July 1, 2014 as follows:[23]

Nine county San Francisco Bay Area
County 2014 Estimate 2010 Census Change
Santa Clara County 1٬894٬605 1٬781٬642 +6٫34%
Alameda County 1٬610٬921 1٬510٬271 +6٫66%
Contra Costa County 1٬111٬339 1٬049٬025 +5٫94%
San Francisco 852٬469 805٬235 +5٫87%
San Mateo County 758٬581 718٬451 +5٫59%
Sonoma County 500٬292 483٬878 +3٫39%
Solano County 431٬131 413٬344 +4٫30%
Marin County 260٬750 252٬409 +3٫30%
Napa County 141٬667 136٬484 +3٫80%
Total 7٬561٬755 7٬150٬739 +5٫75%


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الديمغرافيا

التعداد التاريخي
التعداد Pop. %±
1860114٬074—
1870265٬808133�0%
1880422٬12858٫8%
1890547٬61829٫7%
1900658٬11120٫2%
1910925٬70840٫7%
19201٬182٬91127٫8%
19301٬578٬00933٫4%
19401٬734٬3089٫9%
19502٬681٬32254٫6%
19603٬638٬93935٫7%
19704٬628٬19927٫2%
19805٬179٬78411٫9%
19906٬023٬57716٫3%
20006٬783٬76012٫6%
20107٬150٬7395٫4%
2014 (تق.)7٬561٬755[23]5٫7%
Note: 9 County Population Totals

According to the 2010 United States Census, the population was 7.15 million in the nine-county Bay Area, with 49.6% male and 50.4% female.[24] In 2010 the racial makeup of the nine-county Bay Area was 52.5% White including white Hispanic, 6.7% non-Hispanic African American, 0.7% Native American, 23.3% Asian (7.9% Chinese, 5.1% Filipino, 3.3% Indian, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.0% Korean, 0.9% Japanese, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Cambodian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% Burmese), 0.6% Pacific Islander (0.1% Tongan, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Fijian, >0.1% Guamanian, >0.1% Native Hawaiian), 10.8% from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. The population was 23.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race (17.9% Mexican, 1.3% Salvadoran, 0.6% Guatemalan, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Nicaraguan, 0.3% Peruvian, 0.2% Cuban).[25]

The Bay Area cities of Vallejo, Suisun City, Oakland, San Leandro, Fairfield, and Richmond are among the most ethnically diverse cities in the United States.[26]

السياسة

المقاطعة
التعداد (2010)[27] نتائج انتخابات 2012[28] Median household income (2011)[29] الدخل للفرد (2011)[29] تسجيل الناخبين (2013)[30]
ديمقراطيون مستقلون جمهوريون
ألاميدا 1,510,271 78.9%–18.2% Obama $67,558 $33,888 461,007 158,958 114,802
كونترا كوستا 1,049,025 66.2%–31.2% Obama $74,353 $36,274 263,258 113,358 131,608
مارين 252,409 74.3%–23.0% Obama $77,168 $49,439 83,853 35,251 28,116
ناپا 136,484 63.0%–34.3% Obama $61,460 $32,170 33,182 15,248 19,142
سان فرانسسكو 805,235 83.5%–13.0% Obama $69,894 $44,905 276,855 154,691 42,922
سان ماتيو 718,451 72.1%–25.5% Obama $81,657 $44,331 185,134 92,158 69,925
Santa Clara 1,781,642 70.1%–27.2% Obama $84,895 $39,365 372,979 237,357 177,268
Solano 413,344 63.5%–34.2% Obama $63,795 $27,785 102,177 46,246 52,633
سونوما 483,878 71.1%–25.3% Obama $61,020 $30,868 134,896 55,666 56,428
المتوسط — 72.9%–24.1% Obama $73,562 $37,851 — — —
الإجمالي 7,150,739 — — — 1,913,341 908,933 692,844
نتائج الانتخابات الرئاسية
Year ديمقراطيون جمهوريون
2012 72.9% 2,105,625 24.1% 696,656
2008 73.8% 2,172,411 24.4% 717,989
2004 69.2% 1,926,726 29.3% 815,225
2000 64.1% 1,607,695 30.0% 751,832
1996 60.5% 1,417,511 28.3% 662,263
1992 56.2% 1,476,971 25.0% 658,202
1988 57.8% 1,338,533 40.8% 945,802
1984 50.8% 1,157,855 47.9% 1,090,115
1980 40.7% 827,309 44.4% 904,100
1976 49.9% 950,055 45.8% 872,920
1972 48.2% 990,560 49.1 1,007,615
1968 50.8% 890,650 41.3% 725,304
1964 65.7% 1,116,215 34.1% 579,528
1960 52.0% 820,860 47.6% 751,719
الدائرة الموقع الممثل Cook PVI[31] 2012 election results[28] Median household income (2011)[32]
2nd Marin County and the North Coast Jared Huffman D+20 69.0%–27.0% Obama $56,576
3rd Fairfield, Vacaville, and the Sacramento Valley John Garamendi D+3 54.3%–43.1% Obama $53,602
5th Santa Rosa, Napa County, Vallejo, and Martinez Mike Thompson D+19 69.7%–27.4% Obama $58,942
9th Antioch and most of San Joaquin County Jerry McNerney D+6 57.8%–40.1% Obama $52,209
11th Most of Contra Costa County Mark DeSaulnier D+17 67.5%–29.9% Obama $69,586
12th Most of San Francisco Nancy Pelosi D+34 84.0%–12.5% Obama $69,046
13th Berkeley, Oakland, and San Leandro Barbara Lee D+37 87.5%–9.0% Obama $56,906
14th Most of San Mateo County Jackie Speier D+23 74.2%–23.6% Obama $79,287
15th Hayward, Union City, and the Tri-Valley Eric Swalwell D+16 68.0%–29.8% Obama $82,179
17th Fremont and northern Silicon Valley Mike Honda D+20 71.9%–25.5% Obama $92,030
18th Menlo Park and western Silicon Valley Anna Eshoo D+18 68.2%–28.9% Obama $97,001
19th San Jose and Morgan Hill Zoe Lofgren D+19 71.2%–26.5% Obama $71,479
المتوسط — — D+13 67.8%–26.9% Obama $63,904

المناخ

انظر أيضاً: مناخ كاليفورنيا
 
Skyline Boulevard stretches through the Santa Cruz Mountains, here atop Portola Valley, California. During winter and spring, the hills surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area are lush and green.
 
The same location during the summer months. Because rain is rare in the San Francisco Bay Area during this time, the surrounding hills quickly become dry and golden-hued in grassy areas

High and Low Average Temperatures in Various Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area expressed in Fahrenheit and (Celsius) degrees

المدينة Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Gilroy 60/39
(16/4) 		64/42
(18/6) 		68/44
(20/7) 		73/46
(23/8) 		78/50
(26/10) 		84/53
(29/12) 		88/55
(31/13) 		88/55
(31/13) 		85/54
(29/12) 		79/49
(26/9) 		68/43
(20/6) 		60/38
(16/3)
Oakland 58/45
(14/7) 		62/48
(17/9) 		64/49
(18/9) 		66/51
(19/11) 		69/53
(21/12) 		71/56
(22/13) 		72/57
(22/14) 		73/58
(23/14) 		74/58
(23/14) 		72/55
(22/13) 		64/50
(18/10) 		58/45
(14/7)
Richmond 58/44
(14/7) 		61/46
(16/8) 		64/48
(18/9) 		67/49
(19/9) 		69/52
(21/11) 		72/55
(22/13) 		72/56
(22/13) 		72/56
(22/13) 		74/56
(23/13) 		72/54
(22/12) 		65/49
(18/9) 		58/44
(14/7)
San Francisco 58/46
(14/8) 		61/48
(16/9) 		63/49
(17/9) 		64/50
(18/10) 		66/52
(19/11) 		68/53
(20/12) 		68/55
(20/13) 		69/56
(21/13) 		71/56
(22/13) 		70/54
(21/12) 		64/51
(18/11) 		58/47
(14/8)
San Rafael 55/42
(13/6) 		60/44
(16/7) 		64/45
(18/7) 		67/47
(19/8) 		71/50
(22/10) 		77/53
(25/12) 		80/55
(27/13) 		80/55
(27/13) 		79/54
(26/12) 		73/51
(23/11) 		64/46
(18/8) 		55/41
(13/5)
Santa Rosa 58/39
(14/4) 		62/42
(17/6) 		65/43
(18/6) 		69/45
(21/7) 		73/49
(23/9) 		79/52
(26/11) 		81/53
(27/12) 		82/53
(28/12) 		82/52
(28/11) 		76/49
(24/9) 		65/43
(18/6) 		58/39
(14/4)


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البيئة

المقالة الرئيسية: بيئة مصبات أنهار سان فرانسسكو
 
خليج سان فرانسسكو، حوالي 1770–1820


الجيولوجيا والتضاريس

 
A portion of the Franciscan Assemblage (former seabed), one of the terrane types

البروز الرأسي

 
USGS satellite photo of the Bay Area taken in 1999. Gray areas are highly urbanized.
 
NASA satellite photo

The three major ridge structures (part of the Pacific Coast Range) which are all roughly parallel to the major faultlines:

الطرق المائية الرئيسية

المقالة الرئيسية: Hydrography of the San Francisco Bay Area

فوالق الزلازل

 
Map showing some of the major faults in the Bay Area. Numerous minor faults are also capable of generating locally destructive earthquakes.


الأخطار الطبيعية

الزلازل

 
Probabilities for major earthquakes on Bay Area faults

الفيضانات

العواصف وحرائق الغابات

الانزلاقات الطينية والأرضية

النقل

 
The Bay Area is served by a variety of rail transit systems, primarily by Bay Area Rapid Transit and Caltrain.

التعليم العالي

العامة

 
University of California, Berkeley.
 
San Jose State University

الدينية

الخاصة

 
Stanford University.
 
Lone Mountain, University of San Francisco
 
Santa Clara University

الثقافة

الرياضة

المقالة الرئيسية: Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area
 
Oakland Coliseum
الفريق الرياضة الرابطة المكان
San Jose Earthquakes Soccer Major League Soccer Avaya Stadium
San Francisco 49ers Football National Football League – National Conference Levi's Stadium
Oakland Raiders Football National Football League – American Conference O.co Coliseum
San Francisco Giants Baseball Major League Baseball – National League AT&T Park
Oakland Athletics Baseball Major League Baseball – American League O.co Coliseum
Golden State Warriors كرة السلة National Basketball Association Oracle Arena
San Jose Sharks Ice hockey National Hockey League SAP Center at San Jose
San Jose SaberCats Football Arena Football League SAP Center at San Jose
San Francisco Nighthawks Soccer Women's Premier Soccer League Kezar Stadium
San Jose Giants Baseball Minor League Baseball – California League San Jose Municipal Stadium
NCAA Division I College Sports

رياضات المحركات

الموسيقى

انظر أيضاً: List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area

موسيقى الروك الكلاسيكية

انظر أيضاً: San Francisco Sound

San Francisco proper was headquarters for the hippie counterculture of the 1960s and the music scene that became associated with it. One of the area's most notable acts was The Grateful Dead, formed in 1965, who played regularly at the legendary venue The Fillmore Auditorium.

المقاطعات الإقليمية والمدن والضواحي

 
A late 19th-century German map

المقاطعات

المدن والبلدات

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ "Square Mileage by County". California States Association of Counties. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  2. ^ Hinrichs, Scott (September 28, 2006). "Mt. Hamilton Lick Observatory". Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
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وصلات خارجية

السفر

Coordinates: 37°45′N 122°17′W / 37.750°N 122.283°W / 37.750; -122.283

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=منطقة_خليج_سان_فرانسيسكو&oldid=3951753"