634
Year 634 (DCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 634 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
| الألفية: | الألفية 1 |
|---|---|
| القرون: | القرن 6 - القرن 7 - القرن 8 |
| العقود: | عقد 600 عقد 610 عقد 620 - عقد 630 - عقد 640 عقد 650 عقد 660 |
| السنوات: | 631 632 633 - 634 - 635 636 637 |
| 634 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفات المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفات التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| تأسيسات – انحلالات | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 634 DCXXXIV |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 1387 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 83 ԹՎ ՁԳ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 5384 |
| التقويم البهائي | −1210 – −1209 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 41 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 1584 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | N/A |
| التقويم البوذي | 1178 |
| التقويم البورمي | −4 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6142–6143 |
| التقويم الصيني | 癸巳年 (الماء الثعبان) 3330 أو 3270 — إلى — 甲午年 (الخشب الحصان) 3331 أو 3271 |
| التقويم القبطي | 350–351 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 1800 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 626–627 |
| التقويم العبري | 4394–4395 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 690–691 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 556–557 |
| - كالي يوگا | 3735–3736 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 10634 |
| تقويم الإگبو | −366 – −365 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 12–13 |
| التقويم الهجري | 12–13 |
| التقويم الياباني | N/A |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 634 DCXXXIV |
| التقويم الكوري | 2967 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 1278 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前1278年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1177 |
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الأحداث
حسب المكان
الامبراطورية البيزنطية
- الحرب العربية البيزنطية: الامبراطور هرقليوس، ill and infirm, unpopular with the Eastern Orthodox Church is unable to personally leads the Byzantine army to resist the Muslim Arab conquest of Syria and Palestine. He sends his brother Theodore to assemble forces to retake the newly won Muslim territories. Monophysites and Jews throughout Syria welcome the Arab invaders, as they are discontent with Byzantine rule.
- 30 يوليو – معركة أجنادين: Byzantine forces (9,000 men) under Theodore are defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate بالقرب بيت شمش (فلسطين). Heraclius, who is in حمص، flees to Antioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.
اوروبا
- King Dagobert I is forced by the Austrasian nobles to put his 3-year-old son Sigebert III, on the throne, ceding royal power in Austrasia. He frees himself from dependence on Pepin of Landen and extends his rule over the Bretons (تاريخ تقريبي).
Britain
- Eanfrith of Bernicia and his bodyguard are killed by king Cadwallon of Gwynedd in an attempt to negotiate peace.[1] Eanfrith's brother Oswald returns from 18 years exile in Dál Riata (modern Scotland) to claim the crown of Northumbria.
- Battle of Heavenfield: Oswald accompanied possibly by a force of Scots (or Picts), defeats and kills Cadwallon with a Welsh army near Hexham (northern England). He reunites Deira with Bernicia, and becomes king of Northumbria.
بلاد فارس
- Battle of the Bridge: Persian forces (10,000 men) under Bahman Jadhuyih defeat the Muslim Arabs at the Euphrates (near Kufa). The sight of elephants panicked the Muslims and many are killed. Bahman did not pursue the fleeing Arab army.[2]
بلاد العرب
- Battle of Firaz: The Rashidun Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire, Persian Empire and Arab Christians (at least 10 times larger than Khalid's army) in Mesopotamia (Iraq).[3]
- February 4 – Battle of Dathin: Rashidun forces under Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan defeat the Christian Arabs around Gaza. The Muslim victory is celebrated by the local Jews, who have been a persecuted minority within the Byzantine Empire.[4]
- The Rashidun Caliphate starts the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine Empire when Muslim forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah invade the Levant. Khalid sets out for Syria from Al-Hirah, taking with him half his army, about 8,000 strong.[5]
- Battle of Qarteen: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat the Ghassanids at Al-Qaryatayn after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquer and plunder the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.[6]
- Battle of Marj Rahit: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeat the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts of Damascus to plunder the region.[7]
- Battle of Bosra: Muslim forces under Khalid besiege the Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison (12,000 men) at Bosra. After a few days the fortress city surrenders, Khalid imposes the inhabitants a payment of tribute.
- August 23 – Abu Bakr dies at Medina and is succeeded by Umar I who becomes the second caliph (khalifah) of the Rashidun Caliphate. During his rule Umar conquers Syria, Persia, and Egypt in a "Holy War".
- September 19 – Siege of Damascus: Muslim Arabs under Khalid conquer Damascus as the first major city of the Byzantine Empire. Damascan refugees are given a guarantee of safety to retreat to Antioch.
- Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj: An Byzantine convoy of Damascan refugees (10,000 men) is slaugthered by a Muslim army near Antioch. The Mobile Guard (elite light cavalry) captures a great amount of brocade.[8]
آسيا
- مملكة تويوهون تغزوها القوات الصينية بقيادة لي جينگ (أسرة تانگ) أثناء حملة الامبراطور تايزونگ على تويوهون، مما يسفر عن اغتيال زعيمهم (الخان) مورنگ فويون في 635.
- تايزونگ يأمر بإنشاء قصر دامنگ في چانگ‌آن. ويبني القصر الصيفي لوالده المتقاعد، الامبراطور گاو زو، تعبيراً عن تبجيل الوالدين.
حسب الموضوع
الديانات
- Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, is summoned by king Oswald from Iona (Inner Hebrides) to establish a bishopric on the holy island of Lindisfarne and reestablishing Christianity in Northumbria (تاريخ تقريبي).
- Birinus, Frankish missionary, lands at the port of "Hamwic" (now in the St. Mary's area of Southampton) on his mission to reconvert the West Saxons in England.[9] About this time, the St. Mary's Church is founded.[10]
- Sophronius becomes patriarch of Jerusalem. He sends synodical letters to pope Honorius I and the Eastern patriarchs explaining the Orthodox belief, by renouncing Monothelitism.
المواليد
- Chad of Mercia, Anglo-Saxon abbot (ت. 672)
- Cuthbert, Anglo-Saxon bishop (تاريخ تقريبي)
- En no Ozunu, Japanese ascetic (تاريخ تقريبي)
- Athanasius II Baldoyo, patriarch of Antioch (ت. 686)
الوفيات
- 23 أغسطس - أبو بكر الصديق، خليفة المسلمين
- Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (Wales)
- Eanfrith, king of Bernicia (Northern England)
- Sigeberht, king of East Anglia (تاريخ تقريبي)
الهامش
- ^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English people, Book III, Chapter I
- ^ Richard Nelson Frye, The Cambridge History of Iran: The periode from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, p. 9. Cambridge University Press (1975)
- ^ A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns Lahore, 1969
- ^ Walter E. Kaegi, Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge University Press (1992)
- ^ The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, p. 576. Agha Ibrahim Akram, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970). ISBN 978-07101-0104-4
- ^ Blankinship, 1993, p. 110
- ^ A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970). ISBN 978-07101-0104-4
- ^ Milan 2009, p. 155
- ^ Coles, R.J. (1981). Southampton's Historic Buildings. City of Southhampton Society, p. 6
- ^ A Brief History of St. Mary's Church. Retrieved 30 October 2009