المعرفة

گلگت-بلتستان

"Northern Areas" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the wider geographical region in Pakistan، انظر Northern Pakistan. For the location in South Australia، انظر Northern Areas Council.

گلگت-بلتستان (أردو: گِلگِت بَلتِسْتان، بالبالتية: རྒྱལ་སྐྱིད་ སྦལྟི་ཡུལ། ؛ [11] listen (المساعدة·معلومات))، كانت تُعرف بالمناطق الشمالية،[12] هي منطقة إدارية تديرها پاكستان، وهي أقصى الكيانات السياسية شمالاً ضمن الجزء الذي تسيطر عليه باكستان من إمارة جامو وكشمير السابقة. ويحدها مقاطعة خيبر پختون‌خوا الباكستانية إلى الغرب، وممر وخان بأفغانستان إلى الشمال، والصين إلى الشمال الشرقي، والولاية التي تديرها باكستان أزاد جامو وكشمير (AJK) إلى الجنوب، وولاية جامو وكشمير التي تحتلها الهند إلى الجنوب الشرقي. المنطقة أصبحت وحدة ادارية منفردة في 1970 تحت اسم "المناطق الشمالية" وقد شـُكـِّلت بدمج وكالة گلگت ومقاطعة بلتستان من وزارة لدخ، وولايات هنزة ونگر. وعاصمتها الادارية هي بلدة گلگت، تغطي گلگت-بلتستان مساحة قدرها 72,971 كم² ويقرب تعدادها من 1,000,000 نسمة. وتعتبر پاكستان المنطقة منفصلة عن كشمير، بينما تعتبرها كل من الهند والاتحاد الاوروبي جزءاً من كشمير الكبرى التي تتنازعها الهند وباكستان منذ استقلالهما في 1947.[13][14] گلگت-بلتستان وأزاد كشمير تسميهما معاً الهند بإسم كشمير المحتلة من باكستان (PoK)، وبين الهند والصين منذ وقت لاحق.[15] It borders Azad Kashmir to the south, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan to the north, the Xinjiang region of China, to the east and northeast, and the Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the southeast.

گلگت-بلتستان
گِلگِت بَلتِستان
རྒྱལ་སྐྱིད་ སྦལྟི་ཡུལ།
منطقة تديرها پاكستان باعتبارها منطقة إدارية [1]
Aqua Ambulance.jpg
K2 2006b.jpg
Gilgit-Baltistan
خريطة لمنطقة كشمير المتنازع عليها توضح موقع منطقة گلگت-بلتستان.
الإحداثيات: 35°21′N 75°54′E / 35.35°N 75.9°E / 35.35; 75.9Coordinates: 35°21′N 75°54′E / 35.35°N 75.9°E / 35.35; 75.9
البلدپاكستان
تأسست1 نوفمبر 1948
العاصمةگلگت
أكبر مدينةسكردو[2]
الحكومة
 • النوعمنطقة حكم ذاتي پاكستانية
 • الكيانحكومة گلگت-بلتستان
 • الحاكمراجا جلال حسين مگپون
 • كبير الوزراءمير أفضل
 • كبير الأمناءمحمد خرم أغا [3]
 • المجلس التشريعيالمجلس التشريعي
 • المحكمة العليامحكمة گلگت-بلتستان العليا [4]
المساحة
 • الإجمالي72٬971 كم² (28٬174 ميل²)
 [5]
التعداد
 (2013)[6][7]
 • الإجمالي1٫249٫000
 • الكثافة0/km2 (0/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+05:00 (PST)
ISO 3166 codePK-GB
اللغاتالبالتي، الشينا، الواخي، البورشاسكي، الخوار، الأردو (ادارياً)
م.ت.ب. (2018)0.593 ▲[8]
متوسط
مقاعد المجلس33[9]
التقسيمات3
الضلوع14[10]
التحصيلات28[بحاجة لمصدر]
الموقع الإلكترونيgilgitbaltistan.gov.pk

The region, together with Azad Kashmir in the southwest, is grouped and referred to by the United Nations and other international organisations as "Pakistan-administered Kashmir".[note 1] Gilgit-Baltistan is six times larger than Azad Kashmir in terms of geographical area.[20]

The territory of present-day Gilgit-Baltistan became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name "Northern Areas". It was formed by the amalgamation of the former Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan district, and several small former princely states, the largest of which were Hunza and Nagar.[21] In 2009, the region was renamed to "Gilgit-Baltistan" and granted limited autonomy through the Self-Governance Order signed in by former Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari, a move that was reportedly intended to also empower the territory's people; however, scholars state that the real power rests with the governor and not with the chief minister or elected assembly.[22][23] Much of the population of Gilgit-Baltistan reportedly wants the territory to become integrated with Pakistan proper as a fifth province, and opposes integration with the rest of the Kashmir region.[24][25] The Pakistani government had rejected calls from the territory for provincial status on the grounds that granting such a request would jeopardise Pakistan's demands for the entire Kashmir conflict to be resolved according to all related United Nations resolutions.[26] However, in November 2020, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan announced that Gilgit-Baltistan would attain provisional provincial status after the 2020 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election.[27][28][29]

Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of over 72,971 km2 (28,174 sq mi)[5] and is highly mountainous. It had an estimated population of 1.249 million people in 2013[6][7] (estimated to be 1.8 million in 2015 (Shahid Javed Burki (2015)). Its capital city is Gilgit with an estimated population of 216,760. It's economy is dominated by agriculture and the tourism industry. [30]The region is home to five of the 14 eight-thousanders, including K2, and additionally has more than fifty mountain peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft). Three of the world's longest glaciers outside of Earth's polar regions are found in Gilgit-Baltistan. The main tourism activities are trekking and mountaineering, and this industry has been growing in importance throughout the region.

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التاريخ المبكر

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ گلگت-بلتستان
 
Photograph of Kargah Buddha in Gilgit; "The ancient Stupa – rock carvings of Buddha, everywhere in the region, point to the firm hold of Buddhism for such a long time."[31]

The rock carvings found in various places in Gilgit-Baltistan, especially in the Passu village of Hunza, suggest a human presence since 2000 BC.[32] Within the next few centuries of human settlement on the Tibetan plateau, this region became inhabited by Tibetans, who preceded the Balti people of Baltistan. Today Baltistan bears similarity to Ladakh physically and culturally (although not in religion). Dards are found mainly in the western areas. These people are the Shina-speaking peoples of Gilgit, Chilas, Astore and Diamir, while in Hunza and the upper regions, Burushaski and Khowar speakers predominate. The Dards find mention in the works of Herodotus,[note 2] Nearchus, Megasthenes, Pliny,[note 3] Ptolemy,[note 4] and the geographical lists of the Puranas.[33] In the 1st century, the people of these regions were followers of the Bon religion while in the 2nd century, they practiced Buddhism.

Between 399 and 414, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Faxian visited Gilgit-Baltistan.[34] In the 6th century Somana Palola (greater Gilgit-Chilas) was ruled by an unknown king. Between 627 and 645, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang travelled through this region on his pilgrimage to India.

According to Chinese records from the Tang dynasty, between the 600s and the 700s, the region was governed by a Buddhist dynasty referred to as Bolü (صينية: 勃律؛ پن‌ين: bólǜ�), also transliterated as Palola, Patola, Balur.[35] They are believed to have been the Patola Shahis dynasty mentioned in a Brahmi inscription,[36] and devout adherents of Vajrayana Buddhism.[37] At the time, Little Palola (صينية: 小勃律) was used to refer to Gilgit, while Great Palola (صينية: 大勃律) was used to refer to Baltistan. However, the records do not consistently disambiguate the two.

 
Map of Tibetan Empire citing the areas of Gilgit-Baltistan as part of its kingdom in 780–790 CE

In mid-600s, Gilgit came under Chinese suzerainty after the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate to Tang military campaigns in the region. In the late 600s CE, the rising Tibetan Empire wrestled control of the region from the Chinese. However, faced with growing influence of the Umayyad Caliphate and then the Abbasid Caliphate to the west, the Tibetans were forced to ally themselves with the Islamic caliphates. The region was then contested by Chinese and Tibetan forces, and their respective vassal states, until the mid-700s.[38] Rulers of Gilgit formed an alliance with the Tang Chinese, and held back the Arabs with their help.[39]

Between 644 and 655, Navasurendrāditya-nandin became king of the Palola Sāhi dynasty in Gilgit.[40] Numerous Sanskrit inscriptions, including the Danyor Rock Inscriptions, were discovered to be from his reign.[41] In the late 600s and early 700s, Jayamaṅgalavikramāditya-nandin was king of Gilgit.[40]

According to Chinese court records, in 717 and 719 respectively, delegations of a ruler of Great Palola (Baltistan) named Su-fu-she-li-ji-li-ni (صينية: 蘇弗舍利支離泥؛ پن‌ين: sūfúshèlìzhīlíní�) reached the Chinese imperial court.[42][43] By at least 719/720, Ladakh (Mard) became part of the Tibetan Empire. By that time, Buddhism was practised in Baltistan, and Sanskrit was the written language.

In 720, the delegation of Surendrāditya (صينية: 蘇麟陀逸之؛ پن‌ين: sūlíntuóyìzhī�) reached the Chinese imperial court. He was referred to in Chinese records as the king of Great Palola; however, it is unknown if Baltistan was under Gilgit rule at the time.[44] The Chinese emperor also granted the ruler of Cashmere, Chandrāpīḍa ("Tchen-fo-lo-pi-li"), the title of "King of Cashmere". By 721/722, Baltistan had come under the influence of the Tibetan Empire.[45]

In 721–722, the Tibetan army attempted but failed to capture Gilgit or Bruzha (Yasin valley). By this time, according to Chinese records, the king of Little Palola was Mo-ching-mang (صينية: 沒謹忙؛ پن‌ين: méijǐnmáng�). He had visited the Tang court requesting military assistance against the Tibetans.[44] Between 723 and 728, the Korean Buddhist pilgrim Hyecho passed through this area. In 737/738, Tibetan troops under the leadership of Minister Bel Kyesang Dongtsab of Emperor Me Agtsom took control of Little Palola. By 747, the Chinese army under the leadership of the ethnic-Korean commander Gao Xianzhi had recaptured Little Palola.[46] Great Palola was subsequently captured by the Chinese army in 753 under military Governor Feng Changqing. However, by 755, due to the An Lushan rebellion, the Tang Chinese forces withdrew and were no longer able to exert influence in Central Asia or in the regions around Gilgit-Baltistan.[47] The control of the region was left to the Tibetan Empire. They referred to the region as Bruzha, a toponym that is consistent with the ethnonym "Burusho" used today. Tibetan control of the region lasted until late-800s CE.[48]

Turkic tribes practising Zoroastrianism arrived in Gilgit during the 7th century, and founded the Trakhan dynasty in Gilgit.[39]


التاريخ الوسيط

In the 14th century, Sufi Muslim preachers from Persia and Central Asia introduced Islam in Baltistan. Famous amongst them was Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, who came through Kashmir[49] while in the Gilgit region Islam entered in the same century through Turkic Tarkhan rulers. Gilgit-Baltistan was ruled by many local rulers, amongst whom the Maqpon dynasty of Skardu and the Rajas of Hunza were famous. The Maqpons of Skardu unified Gilgit-Baltistan with Chitral and Ladakh, especially in the era of Ali Sher Khan Anchan[50] who had friendly relations with the Mughal court.[51] Anchan's reign brought prosperity and entertained art, sport, and variety in architecture. He introduced polo to the Gilgit region, and sent a group of musicians from Chitral to Delhi to learn Indian music; Mughal architecture influenced the architecture of the region as well under his reign.[52] Later Anchan in his successors Abdal Khan had great influence though in the popular literature of Baltistan, where he is still alive as a dark figure by the nickname "Mizos", "man-eater". The last Maqpon Raja, Ahmed Shah, ruled all of Baltistan between 1811 and 1840. The areas of Gilgit, Chitral and Hunza had already become independent of the Maqpons.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Before the demise of Shribadat, a group of Shina people migrated from Gilgit Dardistan and settled in the Dras and Kharmang areas. The descendants of those Dardic people can be still found today, and are believed to have maintained their Dardic culture and Shina language up to the present time.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Rock carvings
 
Manthal Buddha Rock in outskirts of Skardu city
 
Photograph of Kargah Buddha
 
The Hanzal stupa dates from the Buddhist era
"The ancient Stupa – rock carvings of Buddha, everywhere in the region is a pointer to the firm hold of the Buddhist rules for such a long time."[31]
 
خريطة الامبراطورية التبتية توضح مناطق گلگت-بلتستان كجزء من المملكة في 780-790 ق.م.


الرموز المحلية گلگت-بلتستان (غير رسمية)
الحيوان الياك[53][54]  
الطائر العقاب الذهبي[53][54]  
الشجرة المشمش[53][54]  
الزهرة زهرة الحوض  
الرياضة الپولو  


التاريخ الحديث

الولاية الأميرية جمو وكشمير: حكم الدوگرا

 
The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, (National Geographic, 1946). Shown are the Gilgit Agency, consisting of subsidiary states of Jammu and Kashmir, and the Gilgit wazarat, including the Gilgit Leased Area (shown in white). Baltistan was part of the large area of the Ladakh-Baltistan wazarat in the east.
 
The last Maqpon Raja Ahmed Shah (died in prison in Lhasa[55] c. 1845)

In November 1839, Dogra commander Zorawar Singh, whose allegiance was to Gulab Singh, started his campaign against Baltistan.[56] By 1840 he conquered Skardu and captured its ruler, Ahmad Shah. Ahmad Shah was then forced to accompany Zorawar Singh on his raid into Western Tibet. Meanwhile, Baghwan Singh was appointed as administrator (thanadar) in Skardu. But in the following year, Ali Khan of Rondu, Haidar Khan of Shigar and Daulat Ali Khan from Khaplu led a successful uprising against the Dogras in Baltistan and captured the Dogra commander Baghwan Singh in Skardu.[57]

In 1842, Dogra Commander Wasir Lakhpat, with the active support of Ali Sher Khan (III) from Kartaksho, conquered Baltistan for the second time. There was a violent capture of the fortress of Kharphocho. Haidar Khan from Shigar, one of the leaders of the uprising against the Dogras,[58] was imprisoned and died in captivity. Gosaun was appointed as administrator (Thanadar) of Baltistan and till 1860, the entire region of Gilgit-Baltistan was under the Sikhs and then the Dogras.[59][60]

After the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-Sikh War, the region became a part of the Jammu and Kashmir princely state, which since 1846 had remained under the rule of the Dogras. The population in Gilgit perceived itself as ethnically different from Kashmiris and disliked being ruled by the Kashmir state.[61] The region remained with the princely state, with temporary leases of some areas assigned to the British, until 1 November 1947.

حرب كشمير الأولى

تحت الإدارة الپاكستانية

 
وزير خارجية پاكستان شاه محمود قريشي (بالوسط) يكشف الخريطة الرسمية المحدّثة لپاكستان في أغسطس، والتي، لأول مرة، تضم أجزاء كبيرة من منطقة جمو وكشمير التي تديرها الهند، والتي كانت قد أعلنت ضمها في 2019. فضل الصورة: EPA

في نهاية سبتمبر 2020، أعلنت پاكستان تعلن ضم گلگت-بلتستان الكشميرية لتصبح الإقليم الخامس بالدولة. رئيس الوزراء عمران خان أعلن القرار وأصدر مرسوماً بإجراء استفتاء، في الإقليم، على الضم سيجري هذا الشهر أكتوبر 2020.[62]

وقد احتجت الهند بقوة على القرار، لأنها تطالب بالإقليم كجزء من جمو وكشمير التي أعلنت في 2019 ضم الجزء الذي كان تحت ادارتها منذ تقسيم الهند في 1947.[63]

قرار الضم جاء عقب عودة عمران خان من زيارة للصين. ويـُعتقد أن الصين هي من حثت پاكستان على الضم، خاصة مع تصاعد المواجهات العسكرية الصينية الهندية في إقليم لداخ الكشميري الملاصق لگلگت-بلتستان.[64] ومن المتوقع أن تتصاعد المواجهات الصينية الهندية في شهر أكتوبر 2020 الحالي قبل الانتخابات الرئاسية الأمريكية في 3 نوفمبر 2020.


الحكومة

المقالة الرئيسية: حكومة گلگت-بلتستان


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التقسيمات الإدارية

 
Gilgit-Baltistan is administered as three divisions
 
الأربعة عشر ضلعاً في 2019

Gilgit-Baltistan is administratively divided into three divisions: Baltistan, Diamer and Gilgit,[65] which, in turn, are divided into fourteen districts. المراكز الإدارية الرئيسية هم بلدتي گلگت و سكردو.

القسم الضلع المساحة (كم²) العاصمة Population (2013)[66] عاصمة القسم
بلتستان گانچهى 4,052 خپلو 108,000 سكردو
Shigar 8,500 Shigar -
Kharmang 5,500 Kharmang -
سكرد 8,700 سكردو 305,000*
Roundu NA Dambudas NA
گلگت گلگت 14,672 گلگت 222,000 گلگت
Ghizer 9,635 Gahkuch 190,000
هنزة 7,900 علي آباد 70,000 (2015)[67]
Nagar 5,000 Nagar 51,387 (1998)[66]
Gupis–Yasin NA Phander? NA
ديامر ديامر 10,936 چلاس 214,000 چلاس
Astore 5,092 عيد گاه 114,000
Darel NA داريل NA
Tangir NA Tangir NA

* Combined population of Skardu, Shigar, Kharmang and Roundu districts. Shigar and Kharmang Districts were carved out of Skardu District after 1998. The estimated population of Gilgit-Baltistan was about 1.8 million in 2015[21] and the overall population growth rate between 1998 and 2011 was 63.1% making it 4.85% annually.[68][69]

الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا گلگت-بلتستان
Naltar Lakes
 
Naltar Lake or Bashkiri Lake-I
 
Naltar Lake or Bashkiri Lake-II
 
Azure colored water of Naltar Lake III
Surface elevation = 3050–3150 m[70]


 
K2 كما تبدو من كونكورديا
 
Satpara Lake, Skardu, في 2002

يتاخم گلگت-بلتستان ممر وخان في أفغانستان من الشمال الغربي، ومنطقة الاويغور ذاتية الحكم في شين‌جيانگ الصينية من الشمال الشرقي، وولاية جامو وكشمير التي تحتلها الهند من الجنوب والجنوب الشرقي، وولاية أزاد جامو وكشمير التي تسيطر عليها باكستان إلى الجنوب، إقليم التخوم الشمالية الغربية الباكستاني من الغرب.

ثلاثة من أطول المثلجات في العالم خارج المناطق القطبية توجد في گلگت-بلتستان — the Biafo Glacier, the Baltoro Glacier, and the Batura Glacier. وبالاضافة لذلك يوجد عدة بحيرات عالية الارتفاع في گلگت-بلتستان:



المناخ

 
Mountains covered in snow, as seen from the Raja Bazar Road Gilgit
 
مثلجة في گلگت-بلتستان

The climate of Gilgit-Baltistan varies from region to region, since the surrounding mountain ranges create sharp variations in weather. The eastern part has the moist zone of the western Himalayas, but going toward Karakoram and Hindu Kush, the climate gets considerably drier.[71]

There are towns like Gilgit and Chilas that are very hot during the day in summer yet cold at night and valleys like Astore, Khaplu, Yasin, Hunza, and Nagar, where the temperatures are cold even in summer.[72]

آثار التغير المناخي

المقالة الرئيسية: فيضانات گلگت-بلتستان 2022

Climate change has adversely effected this region with more rains every year. On 26 August 2022, most villages in Ghizer district and Hunza were severely effected by the ongoing flooding displacing many people.

الاقتصاد والموارد

 
صورة مجمعة لگلگت-بلتستان.
انظر أيضاً: Education in Gilgit-Baltistan

The economy of the region is primarily based on a traditional trade route, the historic Silk Road. The China Trade Organization forum led the people of the area to actively invest and learn modern trade know-how from their Chinese neighbour, Xinjiang.[بحاجة لمصدر] Later, the establishment of a chamber of commerce and the Sust dry port in Gojal Hunza are milestones. The rest of the economy is shouldered by mainly agriculture and tourism. Agricultural products are wheat, corn (maize), barley, and fruits. Tourism is mostly in trekking and mountaineering, and this industry is growing in importance.[73][74]

In early September 2009, Pakistan signed an agreement with the People's Republic of China for a major energy project in Gilgit-Baltistan which includes the construction of a 7,000-megawatt dam at Bunji in the Astore District.[75]

تسلق الجبال

 
View of Laila Peak, which is located near Hushe Valley (a town in Khaplu)
 
The Trango Towers offer some of the largest cliffs and most challenging rock climbing in the world, and every year a number of expeditions from all corners of the globe visit Karakoram to climb the challenging granite.[76]
اسم القمة صور الارتفاع أول تسلق الموقع
1.K-2   (28,250Ft) 31 Jul 1954 Karakoram
2. Nanga Parbat   (26,660 Ft) 3 Jul 1953 Himalaya
3. Gasherbrum I   (26,360Ft) 7 Jul 1956 Karakoram
4. Broad Peak   (26,550Ft) 9 Jun 1957 Karakoram
5. Muztagh Tower   (23,800Ft) 6 Aug 1956 Karakoram
6. Gasherbrum II   (26,120Ft) 4 Jul 1958 Karakoram
7. Hidden Peak   (26,470Ft) 4 Jul 1957 Karakoram
8. Khunyang Chhish   (25,761 Ft) 4 July 1971 Karakoram
9. Masherbrum   (25,659 Ft) 4 Aug 1960 Karakoram
10. Saltoro Kangri   (25,400Ft) 4 June 1962 Karakoram
11. Chogolisa   (25,148 Ft) 4 Aug 1963 Karakoram



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السياحة

المقالة الرئيسية: السياحة في گلگت-بلتستان
 
Shangrila Lake and adjoining resort
 
Cold Desert, Skardu is the world's highest desert
 
Ambulance on Attabad Lake Hunza
 
Nanga Parbat, Astore
 
Rush Lake, Nagar, Pakistan
 
Sheosar Lake is in the western part of Deosai National Park


النقل

المقالة الرئيسية: الطرق السريعة المحلية في گلگت-بلتستان
 
A picture of Gilgit Airport taken in the month of December 2015. Runway can be seen.
 
Tunnel
 
The Karakoram Highway
 
A view of Jaglote, Gore, from a tunnel on Karakoram Highway.


 
ATR 42–500 on Gilgit Airport. Picture taken on July 10, 2016


الديموغرافيا

اللغات

الترتيب اللغة تفاصيل[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]
1 الشينا It is a Dardic language spoken by the majority in six tehsils (Gilgit, Diamir/Chilas, Darel/Tangir, Astore, Puniyal/Gahkuch and Rondu).
2 البالتي It is spoken by the majority in five tehsils (Skardu/Shigar, Kharmang, Gultari, Khaplu and Mashabrum). It is from the Tibetan language family and has Urdu borrowings.
3 البوروشاسكي It is spoken by the majority in four tehsils (Nagar 1, Hunza/Aliabad, Nagar II, and Yasin). It is a language isolate that has borrowed considerable Urdu vocabulary.
4 الخوار It is spoken by the majority in two tehsils (Gupis and Ishkomen) but also spoken in Yasin and Puniyal/Gahkuch Tehsils. Like Shina, it is a Dardic language.
5 الواخي It is spoken by the majority of people in Gojal Tehsil of Hunza. But it is also spoken in Ishkomen and Yasin Tehsils of District Ghizer. It is classified as eastern Iranian/ Pamiri language.
أخرى Pashto, Kashmiri, Domaaki (spoken by musician clans in the region) and Gojri languages are also spoken by a significant population of the region.

الديانات

الطوائف المسلمة في گلگت-بلتستان[85]
الطائفة النسبة المئوية
الشيعة
  
 39.85%
السنة
  
 30.05%
الإسماعيلية
  
 24%
النوربكشية
  
 6.1%


الثقافة

المقالة الرئيسية: ثقافة گلگت-بلتستان
Architecture
 
Baltit fort, Hunza
 
Khaplu Palace
 
Chaqchan Mosque, Khaplu
"Mostly the architecture have been influenced by Tibetan Architecture as the above images are testimonials of it."[31]
 
Dance of Swati Guests with traditional music at Baltit Fort in 2014
 
Wakhi musicians in Gulmit.
 
One of the poplular dish of this region is Chapchor. It is widely made in Hunza Valley


الرياضة

 
Polo in progress with the shandur lake in background, Shandur Ghizer.

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ The Indian government and Indian sources refer to Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("PoK")[16] or "Pakistan-held Kashmir" ("PhK").[17] Sometimes Azad Kashmir alone is meant by these terms.[16] "Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "Pakistan-controlled Kashmir"[18][19] are used by neutral sources. Conversely, Pakistani sources refer to the territories under Indian control as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IoK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" ("IhK").[16]
  2. ^ He twice mentions a people called Dadikai, first along with the Gandarioi, and again in the catalogue of king Xerxes's army invading Greece. Herodotus also mentions the gold-digging ants of Central Asia.
  3. ^ In the 1st century, Pliny repeats that the Dards were great producers of gold.
  4. ^ Ptolemy situates the Daradrai on the upper reaches of the Indus

المصادر

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  15. ^ تطبيق المصطلح "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (e) through (g) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (h) below):
    (a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 August 2019. (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
    (b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin, retrieved on 16 August 2019  (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
    (c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6  C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
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    (e) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent, retrieved on 15 August 2019  (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
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    (g) Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166  Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";
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المراجع

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