لغة معزولة

(تم التحويل من Language isolate)

Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families.[1] Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu[1] in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The number of language isolates is unknown.[2]

A language isolate is unrelated to any other, which makes it the only language in its own language family. It is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationships—one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language.[1]

One explanation for the existence of language isolates is that they might be the last remaining branch of a larger language family. The language possibly had relatives in the past which have since disappeared without being documented. Another explanation for language isolates is that they developed in isolation from other languages. This explanation mostly applies to sign languages that have arisen independently of other spoken or signed languages.[1][3]

Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families if some of their dialects are judged to be sufficiently different from the standard to be seen as different languages. Examples include Japanese and Georgian: Japanese is now considered to be in the Japonic language family with the Ryukyuan languages, and Georgian is the main language in the Kartvelian language family. There is a difference between language isolates and unclassified languages, but they can be difficult to differentiate when it comes to classifying extinct languages.[1] If such efforts eventually do prove fruitful, a language previously considered an isolate may no longer be considered one, as happened with the Yanyuwa language of northern Australia, which has been placed in the Pama–Nyungan family.[4] Since linguists do not always agree on whether a genetic relationship has been demonstrated, it is often disputed whether a language is an isolate.

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Genetic or genealogical relationships

Extinct isolates

Isolates v. unclassified languages

Sign language isolates



Reclassification

List of language isolates by continent

Africa


Language Speakers Status Countries Comments
Bangime 2,000 Vibrant Mali Spoken in the Bandiagara Escarpment. Used as an anti-language.[5]
Hadza 1,000 Vulnerable Tanzania Spoken on the southern shore of Lake Eyasi in the southwest of Arusha Region. Once listed as an outlier among the Khoisan languages.[6] Language use is vigorous, though there are fewer than 1,000 speakers.[7]
Jalaa Extinct Nigeria Strongly influenced by Dikaka, but most vocabulary is very unusual.[8]
Laal 750 Moribund Chad Spoken in three villages along the Chari River in Moyen-Chari Region. Poorly known. Also known as Gori. Possibly a distinct branch of Niger–Congo, Chadic of the Afroasiatic languages, or mixed.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Sandawe 60,000 Vibrant Tanzania Spoken in the northwest of Dodoma Region. Tentatively linked to the Khoe languages.[6]
Shabo 400 Endangered Ethiopia Spoken in Anderaccha, Gecha, and Kaabo of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region. Linked to the Gumuz and Koman families in the proposed Komuz branch of the Nilo-Saharan languages.[9]

Asia

Language Speakers Status Countries Comments
Burushaski 126,300[10] Vulnerable Pakistan Spoken in the Hunza Valley of Gilgit-Baltistan. Linked to Caucasian languages,[11] Indo-European,[12][13] and Na-Dene languages[14][15] in various proposals.
Elamite Extinct Iran Formerly spoken in Elam, along the northeast coast of the Persian Gulf. Attested from around 2800 BC to 300 BC.[16] Some propose a relationship to the Dravidian languages (see Elamo-Dravidian), but this is not well-supported.[17]
Kusunda 87 (2014)[18] Moribund Nepal Spoken in the Gandaki Province. The recent discovery of a few speakers shows that it is not demonstrably related to anything else.[19]
Nihali 2,000 Endangered India Also known as Nahali. Spoken in northeastern Maharashtra and southwestern Madhya Pradesh, along the Tapti River. Strong lexical Munda influence from Korku.[20] Used as anti-language by speakers.[21]
Nivkh 200 Moribund Russia Also known as Gilyak. Spoken in the lower Amur River basin and in the northern part of Sakhalin. Dialects sometimes considered two languages.[22] Has been linked to Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages.[23]
Sumerian Extinct Iraq Spoken in Mesopotamia until around 1800 BC, but used as a classical language until 100 AD.[24] Long-extinct but well-attested language of ancient Sumer. Included in various proposals involving everything from Basque[25] to the Sino-Tibetan languages.[26]

Oceania

Language Speakers Status Countries Comments
Abinomn 300 Vibrant Indonesia Spoken in the far north of New Guinea. Also known as Bas or Foia. Language is considered safe by UNESCO but endangered by Ethnologue.[27]
Anêm 800 Papua New Guinea Spoken on the northwest coast of New Britain.[28] Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Ata.[29]
Ata 2,000 Spoken in the central highlands of New Britain. Also known as Wasi. Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Anem.[30][31]
Giimbiyu Extinct Australia Spoken in the northern part of Arnhem Land until the early 1980s. Sometimes considered a small language family consisting of Mengerrdji, Urningangk and Erre.[32] Part of a proposal for the undemonstrated Arnhem Land language family.
Kol 4,000 Vibrant Papua New Guinea Spoken in the northeastern part of New Britain. Possibly related to the poorly-known Sulka, or the Baining languages, suggested as part of the East Papuan languages.[33][34]
Kuot 2,400 Vulnerable Spoken on New Ireland. Also known as Panaras. Suggested to form part of the East Papuan family.[34]
Malak-Malak 10 Moribund Australia Spoken in northern Australia. Often considered part of one Northern Daly family together with Tyeraity. Used to be considered genetically related to the Wagaydyic languages, but nowadays they are considered genetically distinct.[35]
Murrinh-patha 1,973 Vibrant Spoken on the eastern coast of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf in the Top End. The proposed linkage to Ngan’gityemerri in one Southern Daly family[36] is generally accepted to be valid.
Ngan’gityemerri 26 Moribund Spoken in the Top End along the Daly River. The proposed linkage to Murrinh-patha in one Southern Daly family[36] is generally accepted to be valid.
Sulka 2,500–3,000 Vibrant New Britain, Papua New Guinea Possible language isolate spoken across the eastern end of New Britain. Poorly attested. Suggested to form part of the East Papuan family.[34]
Tayap >50 Moribund Papua New Guinea Formerly spoken in the village of Gapun. Link to Lower Sepik languages and Torricelli languages have been explored, but the general consensus among Linguists is that it is an isolate unrelated to surrounding languages.[37]
Tiwi 2,040 Vulnerable Australia Spoken in the Tiwi Islands in the Timor Sea. Traditionally Tiwi is polysynthetic, but the Tiwi spoken by younger generations is not.[38]
Wagiman 11 Moribund Spoken in the southern part of the Top End. May be distantly related to the Yangmanic languages,[39] which might in turn be a member of the Macro-Gunwinyguan family,[40] but neither link has been demonstrated.
Wardaman 50 Spoken in the southern part of the Top End. The extinct and poorly-attested Dagoman and Yangman dialects are sometimes treated as separate languages, forming a Yangmanic family, to which Wagiman may be distantly related.[39] Possibly a member of the Macro-Gunwinyguan family,[40] but this has yet to be demonstrated.

Europe

Language Speakers Status Countries Comments
Basque 751,500 (2016),[41] 1,185,500 passive speakers Vulnerable Spain, France Natively known as Euskara, the Basque language, found in the historical region of the Basque Country between France and Spain. It has no known living relatives, although Aquitanian is commonly regarded as related to or a direct ancestor of Basque. Some linguists have claimed similarities with various languages of the Caucasus[42][43] that are indicative of a relationship, while others have proposed a relation to Iberian[44] and to the hypothetical Dené–Caucasian languages.[45]


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North America

Language Speakers Status Countries Comments
Alsea Extinct United States Poorly attested. Spoken along the central coast of Oregon until the early 1950s.[46] Sometimes regarded as two separate languages. Often included in the Penutian hypothesis in a Coast Oregon Penutian branch.[47]
Atakapa Spoken on the Gulf coast of eastern Texas and southwestern Louisiana until the early 1900s. Often linked to Muskogean in a Gulf hypothesis.[48]
Chimariko Spoken in northern California until the 1950s.[49] Part of the Hokan hypothesis.[50]
Chitimacha Well-attested. Spoken along the Gulf coast of southeastern Louisiana until 1940.[51] Possibly in the Totozoquean family of Mesoamerica.[51]
Coahuilteco United States, Mexico Spoken in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico until the 1700s. Part of the Pakawan hypothesis,[52] has been linked to the hypothesised Hokan languages in a larger group.[53]
Cuitlatec Mexico Spoken in northern Guerrero until the 1960s.[54] Has been proposed to be part of Macro-Chibchan[55] and Uto-Aztecan.[54]
Esselen United States Poorly known. Spoken in the Big Sur region of California until the early 1800s. Part of the Hokan hypothesis.[56]
Haida 24 Moribund Canada, United States Spoken in the Haida Gwaii archipelago off the northwest coast of British Columbia, and the southern islands of the Alexander Archipelago in southeastern Alaska. Some proposals connect it to the Na-Dené languages, but these have fallen into disfavor.[57]
Huave 20,000 Endangered Mexico Spoken in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the southeast of Oaxaca state. Has been linked to various language families, but is still generally considered an isolate.[58]
Karuk 12 Moribund United States Spoken along the Klamath River in northwestern California. Part of the Hokan hypothesis, but little evidence for this.[58]
Keres 13,190 Endangered Spoken in several pueblos throughout New Mexico, including Cochiti and Acoma Pueblos. Has two main dialects: Eastern and Western. Sometimes those two dialects are separated into languages in a Keresan family.[59]
Kutenai 345 Moribund Canada, United States Spoken in the Rockies of northeastern Idaho, northwestern Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Attempts have been made to place it in a Macro-Algic or Macro-Salishan family, but these have not gained significant support.[58]
Natchez Extinct United States Spoken in southern Mississippi and eastern Louisiana until 1957.[60] Often linked to Muskogean in a Gulf hypothesis.[61] Attempts at revival have produced six people with some fluency.[62]
Purépecha 140,000 Endangered Mexico Spoken in the north of Michoacán state. Language of the ancient Tarascan kingdom. Sometimes regarded as two languages.[58]
Salinan Extinct United States Spoken along the south-central coast of California. Part of the Hokan hypothesis.[63]
Seri 720 Vulnerable Mexico Spoken along the coast of the Gulf of California, in the southwest of Sonora state. Part of the Hokan hypothesis.[64]
Siuslaw Extinct United States Spoken on the southwest coast of Oregon until 1960. Likely related to Alsea, Coosan languages, or possibly the Wintuan languages. Part of the Penutian hypothesis.[47]
Takelma Spoken in western Oregon until mid 20th century.[65] Part of the Penutian hypothesis.[65]
Timucua Well attested. Spoken in northern Florida and southern Georgia until the mid- to late 1700s. Briefly spoken in Cuba by a migrant community established in 1763. A connection with the poorly known Tawasa language has been suggested, but this may be a dialect.[66]
Tonkawa Spoken in central and northern Texas until the early 1940s.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Tunica Spoken in western Mississippi, northeastern Louisiana, and southeastern Arkansas until 1948. Attempts at revitalization have produced 32 second-language speakers.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Washo 20 Moribund Spoken along the Truckee River in the Sierra Nevada of eastern California and northwestern Nevada. Part of the Hokan hypothesis.[67]
Yana Extinct Well-attested. Spoken in northern California until 1916. Part of the Hokan hypothesis.[68]
Yuchi 4 Moribund Spoken in Oklahoma, but formerly spoken in eastern Tennessee. A connection to the Siouan languages has been proposed.[69]
Zuni 9,620 Vulnerable Spoken in Zuni Pueblo in northwestern New Mexico. Links to Penutian[70] and Keres[71] have been proposed.

South America

Language Speakers Status Countries Comments
Aikanã 200 Endangered Brazil Spoken in the Amazon of eastern Rondônia. Links to Kanoê and Kwaza have been tentatively proposed.[72] Arawakan has been suggested.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Andoque 370 Colombia, Peru Spoken on the upper reaches of the Japurá River. Extinct in Peru. Possibly Witotoan.[73]
Betoi Extinct Venezuela Spoken in the Apure River basin near the Colombian border until the 18th century. Paezan has been suggested.[73]
Candoshi-Shapra 1,100 Endangered Peru Spoken along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river valleys in southwestern Loreto. Has been linked to various language families, but no agreement exists on its classification.[74]
Canichana Extinct Bolivia Spoken in the Llanos de Moxos region of Beni Department until around 2000. Connections with various language families have been proposed, none widely accepted.[75]
Cayuvava 4 Moribund Spoken in the Amazon west of Mamore River, north of Santa Ana del Yacuma in the Beni Department.[76]
Chimane 5,300 Vulnerable Spoken along the Beni river in Beni Department. Also spelled Tsimané. Sometimes split into multiple languages in a Moséten family. Linked to the Chonan languages in a Moseten-Chonan hypothesis.[77]
Chiquitano 5,900 Endangered Bolivia, Brazil Spoken in the eastern part of Santa Cruz department and the southwestern part of Mato Grosso state. Has been linked to the Macro-Jê family.[78][79]
Cofán 2,400 Colombia, Ecuador Spoken in northern Sucumbíos Province and southern Putumayo Department. Also called A'ingae.[80] Sometimes classified as Chibchan, but the similarities appear to be due to borrowings. Seriously endangered in Colombia.[81]
Fulniô 1,000 Moribund Brazil Spoken in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, and the northern part of Bahia. Divided into two dialects, Fulniô and Yatê.[82] Sometimes classified as a Macro-Jê language.[83][84]
Guató 6 Spoken in the far south of Mato Grosso near the Bolivian border. Has been classified as Macro-Jê, but this is disputed.[85]
Itonama 5 Bolivia Spoken in the far-eastern part of Beni Department. A relationship to Paezan has been suggested.[86]
Kamëntsá 4,000 Endangered Colombia Spoken in Sibundoy in the Putumayo Department. Also known as Camsa, Coche, Sibundoy, Kamentxa, Kamse, or Camëntsëá.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Kanoê 5 Moribund Brazil Spoken in southeastern Rondônia. Also known as Kapishana. Tentatively linked to Kwaza and Aikanã.[72] Part of a Macro-Paesan proposal.[87]
Kunza Extinct Chile Spoken in areas near Salar de Atacama until the 1950s. Also known as Atacameño. Part of a Macro-Paesan proposal.[87]
Kwaza 54 Moribund Brazil Spoken in eastern Rondônia. Connections have been proposed with Aikanã and Kanoê.[72]
Leco 20 Bolivia Spoken at the foot of the Andes in the department of La Paz.[88]
Mapuche 260,000 Vulnerable Chile, Argentina Spoken in areas of the far-southern Andes and in the Chiloé Archipelago. Also known as Mapudungun, Araucano or Araucanian.[89] Variously part of Andean,[55] Macro-Panoan,[87] or Mataco–Guaicuru[90] proposals. Sometimes Huilliche is treated as a separate language, reclassifying Mapuche into an Araucanian family.[91]
Munichi Extinct Peru Spoken in the southern part of Loreto Region until the late 1990s. Possibly evolved either from a mixed language or a sister language to Proto-Arawak.[92]
Movima 1,400 Vulnerable Bolivia Spoken in the Llanos de Moxos, in the north of Beni Department. Affiliations with Canichana, Chibcha and Macro-Tucanoan have been proposed, none of these have been proven.[93]
Oti Extinct Brazil Spoken in São Paulo until the early 1900s. Macro-Jê has been suggested.[94]
Páez 60,000 Vulnerable Colombia Spoken in the northern part of Cauca Department. Several proposed relationships in the Paezan hypothesis but nothing conclusive.[95]
Puelche Extinct Argentina, Chile Spoken in the Pampas region, last speaker died around 1960.[96] Sometimes linked to Het, as part of the Chonan languages.[97] Included in a proposed Macro-Jibaro family.[98]
Tequiraca Peru Spoken in the central part of Loreto until the 1950s. Also known as Auishiri. A connection with Canichana has been proposed.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Trumai 50 Moribund Brazil Settled on the upper Xingu River. Currently reside in the Xingu National Park in the northern part of Mato Grosso.[99]
Urarina 3,000 Vulnerable Peru Spoken in the central part of the Loreto Region.[100] Part of the Macro-Jibaro proposal.[101]
Waorani 2,000 Ecuador, Peru Also known as Sabela. Spoken between the Napo and Curaray rivers. Could be spoken by several groups living in isolation.[102]
Warao 28,000 Endangered Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela Spoken in the Orinoco Delta. Sometimes linked to Paezan.[87]
Yaghan Extinct Chile Spoken in far-southern Tierra del Fuego until 2022. Also called Yámana.[103]
Yaruro 7,900 Vibrant Venezuela Spoken along the Orinoco, Cinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers. Linked to the extinct Esmeralda language.[104]
Yuracaré 2,700 Endangered Bolivia Spoken in the foothills of the Andes, in Cochabamba and Beni Departments. Connections to Mosetenan, Pano–Tacanan, Arawakan, and Chonan have been suggested.[105]


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انظر أيضاً

المصادر

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