ثقافة الهند

ثقافة الهند، تشير بشكل إجمالي إلى آلاف الثقافة المتميزة والفريدة لجميع الأديان والمجتمعات الموجودة في الهند. تختلف اللغات، الديانات، الرقص، الموسيقى، العمارة، المطبخ والعادات من مكان لآخر داخل البلاد. تمتد الثقافة الهندية، التي غالباً ما توصف بأنها اندماج لعدة ثقافات، عبر شبه القارة الهندية وقد تأثرت بتاريخ يعود إلى آلاف السنين. العديد من عناصر الثقافات الهندية المتنوعة، مثل الديانات، الفلسفة، المطبخ، اللغات، الرقص، الموسيقى والسينما الهندية لها تأثير عميق عبر الإندوسفير، الهند الكبرى والعالم.

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 الثقافة الدينية

المقالة الرئيسية: الإندوسفير, الهند الكبرى, الهندوسية في جنوب شرق الهند, and انتشار البوذية

الديانات الهندية صاغت الثقافة الهندية

Hindu Kandariya Mahadeva Temple Jain Palitana Temples Buddhist Mahabodhi Temple Sikh Golden Temple

 الفلسفة

المقالة الرئيسية: الفلسفة الهندية

التقاليد الفلسفية الهندية

Earliest Hindu philosophy were arranged and codified by Hindu Vedic sages, such as Yajnavalkya (c. 8th century BCE), who is considered one of the earliest philosophers in recorded history, after Aruni (c. 8th century BCE). Jain philosophy were propagated by 24 Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha (c. 872 – c. 772 BCE) and Mahavira (c. 549–477 BCE). Buddhist philosophy was founded by Gautama Buddha (c. 563–483 BCE). Sikh philosophy was crystalised in Guru Granth Sahib enshrined by Guru Gobind Singh (c. 1666–1708 CE).

 التركيبة الأسرية والزواج

الزواج في الهند

A bride during a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony in Punjab, India

Bride in Sari and Groom in Sherwani in a Hindu Indian wedding

 الزواج المرتب

العرائس في الهند

Shy smile of a bride in a Hindu Indian wedding Indian bride on her wedding day

 طقوس الزواج

A Hindu wedding ritual in progress. The bride and the groom are seated together, receiving instructions from the priest. The sacred square fire container (yajna kund) is behind the priest.

 المهرجانات

المقالة الرئيسية: المهرجانات في الهند

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  Homes, buildings and temples are decorated with festive lights, diya, for Diwali, a major festival of India.

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  Color drenched Gopis during the Holi celebrations in Krishna Temple, Mathura

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  The Navaratri festival is an occasion of classical and folk dance performances at Hindu temples. Pictured is the Ambaji Temple of Gujarat.

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  The Bihu festival is an Assamese Hindu tradition; it coincides with Vaisakhi in north India, which is observed by Sikhs and Hindus.

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  Immersion of Ganesha idol during the Ganesh Chaturthi festival in Maharashtra

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  Kathakali performances are a part of Onam festival tradition.

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  Dahi Handi, a Krishna Janmashtami festive tradition, in progress near Adi Shankaracharya Road, Mumbai, India

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  Durga Puja is a multi-day festival in Eastern India that features elaborate temple and stage decorations (pandals), scripture recitation, performance arts, revelry, and processions.

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  The Hornbill Festival, Kohima, Nagaland. The festival involves colourful performances, crafts, sports, food fairs, games and ceremonies.

Rangoli artwork is usually made during Diwali or Tihar, Onam, Pongal and other Hindu festivals in the Indian subcontinent.

Chapchar Kut cheraw dance in Mizoram. Chapchar Kut festival is celebrated during March after completion of their most arduous task of Jhum operation i.e., jungle-clearing (clearing of the remnants of burning).

 التحيات

Left: Hindu god Kubera on the left with a person in Namaste pose (13th century Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura, Karnataka, India). Namaste or Añjali Mudrā are common in historic Hindu temple reliefs.
Right: Entrance pillar relief (Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple, Kerala, India)

Pressing hands together with a smile to greet Namaste – a common cultural practice in India.

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 الحيوانات

انظر أيضاً: الحياة البرية في الهند, تربية الحيوانات في الهند, and الماشية في الهند

الأبقار في الثقافة الهندية

Cows depicted in the decorated gopuram of the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in Chennai. Cow statue located at the open hall looking into the eastern doorway of the Kalleshvara Temple.

 المطبخ

المقالة الرئيسية: المطبخ الهندي

Indian cuisine is diverse, ranging from very spicy to very mild, varying with seasons in each region. These reflect the local agriculture, regional climate, culinary innovations and cultural diversity. Food in India is sometimes served in thali – a plate with rice, bread and a selection of sides. Above are thali samples.

Nimmatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi (Book of Recipes), written about 1500 C.E, documents the fine art of making Kheer, a milk-based dessert of India: Select the cows carefully; to get quality milk, pay attention to what the cows eat; feed them sugar canes; use this milk to make the best Kheer. While, another popular variant is Phirni.

Some Indian confectionery desserts from hundreds of varieties. In certain parts of India, these are called mithai or sweets. Sugar and desserts have a long history in India: by about 500 BCE, people in India had developed the technology to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called khanda (खण्ड), which is the source of the word candy.

 الملابس

المقالة الرئيسية: الملابس في الهند

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  Illustration of different styles of sari, gagra choli and shalwar kameez worn by women in India

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  The Didarganj Yakshi depicting the dhoti wrap

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  Achkan sherwani and churidar (lower body) worn by Arvind Singh Mewar and his kin during a Hindu wedding in Rajasthan, India

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  Assamese youth in traditional festive dress. The girl is wearing mekhela sador and bindi on the centre of her forehead.

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  Indian actress Pakhi Hegde wearing a string-sleeve choli and sari

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  Indian actress Shriya Saran in woman's kameez with dupatta draped over the neck and decorative bindi on the centre of her forehead

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  Indian actress Priyanka Chopra wearing a lehenga and gagra choli, exposing the midriff and navel, which has long been a fashion with Indian women in popular culture

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  Traditional Hajong Pathin and Argon from Northeast India

 اللغات والأدب

المقالة الرئيسية: الأدب الهندي

 التاريخ

التقاليد الأدبية في الهند

Rigveda (padapatha) manuscript in Devanagari, early 19th century. After a scribal benediction ("śrīgaṇéśāyanamaḥ ;; Aum(3) ;;"), the first line has the opening words of RV.1.1.1 (agniṃ ; iḷe ; puraḥ-hitaṃ ; yajñasya ; devaṃ ; ṛtvijaṃ). The Vedic accent is marked by underscores and vertical overscores in red. Literary records suggest India had interacted in languages of other ancient civilisations. This inscription is from the Indian emperor Ashoka, carved in stone about 250 BCE, found in Afghanistan. Inscriptions are in Greek and Aramaic, with ideas of non-violence against men and all living beings, as the doctrine of Eusebeia – spiritual maturity.

Language families in India and its neighbouring countries. India has 22 official languages – 15 of which are Indo-European. The 2001 census of India found 122 first languages in active use. The second map shows the distribution of Indo-European languages throughout the world.

Numerous words from India entered English vocabulary during the British colonial era. Examples: bandana, bangles, bungalow and shampoo.

 الملاحم

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  A manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra, fought between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, recorded in the Mahābhārata

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  The Battle at Lanka, Ramayana by Sahibdin. It depicts the monkey army of the protagonist Rama (top left, blue figure) fighting Ravana—the demon-king of the Lanka—to save Rama's kidnapped wife, Sita. The painting depicts multiple events in the battle against the three-headed demon general Trisiras, in the bottom left. Trisiras is beheaded by Hanuman, the monkey-companion of Rama.

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  Rama and Hanuman fighting Ravana from Ramavataram, an album painting on paper from Tamil Nadu, c. 1820 CE

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  Ilango Adigal is the author of Silappatikaram, one of the five great epics of Tamil literature.

 الفنون التطبيقية

 الرقص

المقالة الرئيسية: الرقص في الهند

Dance in India includes classical (above), semiclassical, folk and tribal.

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 الدراما والمسرح

المقالة الرئيسية: المسرح في الهند

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  Kathakali one of the classical theatre forms from Kerala, India

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  Rasa lila theatrical performance in Manipuri dance style

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  Kutiyattam is one of the oldest surviving theatre traditions of the world.

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  Performer playing Sugriva in the Koodiyattam form of Sanskrit theatre

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 الموسيقى

المقالة الرئيسية: الموسيقى الهندية

Images of musical instruments drawn by Pierre Sonnerat, the French explorer, in 1782 during his voyage through India

Group of Dharohar folk musicians performing in Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, India

 الفنون البصرية

المقالة الرئيسية: الفن الهندي

 الرسم

المقالة الرئيسية: الرسم الهندي

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  The Jataka tales from Ajanta Caves

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  Painting of Radha, the companion of the Hindu god Krishna

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  Hindu iconography shown in Pattachitra

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  Raja Ravi Varma’s Shakuntala (1870); oil on canvas

 النحت

المقالة الرئيسية: النحت في الهند

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  The 5th-century Buddhist vishvakarma cave at Ellora, Maharashtra

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  Marble Sculpture of female, c. 1450, Rajasthan

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  The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves

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  The iconic 57 ft high monolithic Statue of Gommateshwara, Shravanabelagola, 10th Century

 العمارة

المقالة الرئيسية: العمارة الهندية

انظر أيضاً: العمارة الهندية القديمة, عمارة قطع الصخور الهندية, and العمارة العامة الهندية

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  Kailasa temple is one of the largest rock-cut ancient Hindu temples located in Ellora, Maharashtra, India.

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  The granite tower of Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by Raja Raja Chola I.

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  Kakatiya Kala Thoranam (Warangal Gate) built by the Kakatiya dynasty in ruins

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  Chennakesava Temple is a model example of the Hoysala architecture.

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  Chaturbhuj Temple at Orchha, is noted for having one of the tallest Vimana among Hindu temples standing at 344 feet. It was the tallest structure in the Indian subcontinent from 1558 CE to 1970 CE.

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  Considered to be an "unrivalled architectural wonder", the Taj Mahal in Agra is a prime example of Indo-Islamic architecture. One of the world's seven wonders.

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  Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, was built in the 1600s and is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet.

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  Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim was built under the direction of Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama in the mid-1700s.

Rani ki Vav (The Queen's stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat

Hall of Thousand Pillars at Meenakshi Amman Temple

 الرياضة والفنون القتالية

 الرياضة

المقالة الرئيسية: الرياضة في الهند

Sports in India

Cricket was introduced to India by the British. Now it is the country's most popular sport. The annual Snake boat race is performed during Onam Celebrations on the Pamba River at Aranmula near Pathanamthitta.

Sania Mirza, a former world No. 1 in women's tennis doubles. Kabaddi, is a contact sport that originated in ancient India. It is one of the most popular sports in India.

 الفنون القتالية الهندية

المقالة الرئيسية: الفنون القتالية الهندية

Indian martial arts

Jasmine Simhalan performing steps and postures Silambam and Kalarippayattu, ancient India martial arts

Yoga originated in India. Patañjali, in India's ancient books, suggests yoga's goal is to help one focus, reflect upon, know and express one's highest self. India's cultural journey with yoga is now popular in many parts of the world.

| author=Thomas A. Green|url=https://books.google.com/?id=v32oHSE5t6cC&printsec=frontcover
| title=Martial arts of the world: en encyclopedia. R – Z, Volume 2
| publisher=ABC-CLIO|year= 2001
| isbn=978-1-57607-150-2}}</ref>

 الإعلام

 التلفزيون

المقالة الرئيسية: التلفزيون في الهند

انظر أيضاً: List of Indian television stations

Bollywood actors at International Indian Film Academy Awards, Toronto 2011

 السينما

المقالة الرئيسية: السينما الهندية

Indian cinema

A scene from Raja Harishchandra (1913), the first full-length Indian motion picture Producer-director-screenwriter Dadasaheb Phalke, the "father of Indian cinema"

 جوانب الثقافة الهندية

Children prepare for a traditional dance in Tripura. The Tripuris, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

 الأدب العربي في الهند

صفحة من مخطوطة عربية من الهند، القرن 18.

مخطوطة عربية من الهند، القرن 18.

خريطة باللغة العربية لشمال الهند.

كتاب الإعلام بمن في تاريخ الهند من أعلام، تأليف المؤرخ الهندي الشريف عبد الحي بن فخر الدين الحسيني.

شهد شمال الهند خلال القرنين 18 و19 العديد من الأعمال الأدبية العربية البارزة فضلاً عن التعددية اللغوية. تميل التواريخ الأدبية الوطنية إلى تقسيم العالم إلى مربعات مرتبة حيث تتداخل الشعوب والأرض واللغة بشكل كامل. وفي الأقسام الأكاديمية الغربية يتم إضفاء الطابع المؤسسي على هذه الانقسامات.

لكن اللغة العربية لها تاريخ طويل وغني في جنوب آسيا من خلال مختلف منعطفات الاتصال والنشاط الزراعي المتوازي مع لغات أخرى مثل الفارسية والسنسكريتية والتاميلية والمالايالامية والأردية/اللغة الهندية|الهندية]] والسندية. لا تقتصر اللغة العربية في الهند على موضوعاً متخصصاً أو حقلاً فرعياً لكنها أكثر شمولاً.

توضح المجموعات الضخمة من المخطوطات العربية في جنوب آسيا (والمأخوذة من جنوب آسيا) مدى أهمية اللغة العربية. يعطي الاستطلاع الكبير الذي أجراه زبيد أحمد (متوافر هنا) إحساساً بمدى وانتشار تعلم اللغة العربية حتى عام 1857.

خلال فترة ما قبل الاستعمار البريطاني وما بعد الاستقلال في شمال الهند، تواجدت عدداً من المراكز الثقافية على طول نهر الگانج الممتد من لاهور (پاكستان حالياً) إلى كلكتا عبر دلهي ولكناو، لكنه يرتبط أيضاً بمدن أخرى مثل بوپال وحيدر أباد بالإضافة إلى العالم الأكثر اتساعاً للغة العربية.

سيكون من غير الصدق القول إن "العربية في جنوب آسيا" مجال مهمل. هناك الكثير من الأبحاث التي أجراها علماء في الهند وپاكستان وبنگلاديش وغالباً ما تتم كتابتها باللغة العربية أو الأردية. أضف إلى ذلك التاريخ السابق على سبيل المثال المؤلف الضخم نزهة الخواطر عبد الحين الحسيني.

اعتمد العديد من المؤرخين في جنوب آسيا على المصادر العربية ودرسوا الأعمال العربية للعلماء الأفراد وأنسابهم. وكان هناك ازدهار في الأبحاث حول الروابط والتيارات عبر المحيط الهندي والتي توضح روابط الهند مع المناطق العربية الأخرى.

 انظر أيضاً

• ثقافة شمال الهند
• ثقافة جنوب الهند
• ثقافة شبه القارة الهندية
• آداب الطعام الهندي
• الدين في الهند
• قوائم هنود حسب الولاية
• الجماعات العرقية الجنوب آسيوية
• أتيتي دڤو باڤ
• ثقافة مناطق الهند
• معجم الثقافة الهندية

 المصادر

 المراجع

• Ghose, Aurobindo. 1998. The foundations of Indian culture. Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram.
• Natalia Lidova (2014). "Natyashastra". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Natalia Lidova (1994). Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1234-5.
• Williams, Drid (2004). "In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing" (PDF). Visual Anthropology. 17 (1): 69–98. doi:10.1080/08949460490274013. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tarla Mehta (1995). Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1057-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Emmie Te Nijenhuis (1974). Indian Music: History and Structure. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-03978-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gupta, S. P., & Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. (2011). The roots of Indian art: A detailed study of the formative period of Indian art and architecture, third and second centuries B.C., Mauryan and late Mauryan. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation.
• Kapila Vatsyayan (2001). Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1220-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kapila Vatsyayan (1977). Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts. Sangeet Natak Akademi. OCLC 233639306., Table of Contents
• Public Broadcasting System, USA (2008). The story of India – history and culture
• Sharma, Ram Sharan (2005), India's Ancient Past, (Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-568785-9).
• Bajpai, Shiva (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times, (Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA), ISBN 978-1-934145-38-8)
• A.L. Basham, The Wonder That was India, ISBN 0-330-43909-X, Picador London
• Auboyer, Jeannine (2002). Daily Life in Ancient India, from 200 BC to 700 AD. (originally published in French in 1961), Phoenix Press, London ISBN 1-84212-591-5
• Dalmia, Vasudha and Rashmi Sadana (editors), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51625-9
• Grihault, Nicki. Culture Smart! India: A Quick Guide to Customs and Etiquette. ISBN 1-85733-305-5.
• Henderson, Carol E. (2002). Culture and Customs of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30513-7.
• Naipaul, V.S, India: A Million Mutinies Now, ISBN 0-7493-9920-1.
• Nilakanta Sastri, A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-560686-8
• Tully, Mark. No Full Stops in India. ISBN 0-14-010480-1
• Patra, Avinash (2012), The Spiritual Life and Culture of India, Oxford University Press, England.

 وصلات خارجية

• Ministry of Culture, Government of India, Links to some cultural sites and available grants for understanding the cultural diversity of India
• India and World Cultural Heritage A UNESCO site describing cultural heritage sites of India
• India's intangible cultural heritage Another UNESCO site dedicated to Indian dance and other cultural heritage