المعرفة

الجدول الزمني لأحداث ما قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية

فيما يلي جدولا بأهم الأحداث السابقة للحرب العالمية الثانية والتي ساهمت بشكل أو بآخر في قيام الحرب وتحديد مساره ونتائجه منذ نهاية الحرب العالمية الأولى عام 1918:

1910s: 1910 • 1918 • 1919
1920s: 1920 • 1921 • 1922 • 1923 • 1924 • 1925 • 1926  • 1927 • 1928 • 1929
1930s: 1930 • 1931 • 1932 • 1933 • 1934 • 1935 • 1936  • 1937 • 1938 • 1939

Leaders of major participating countries

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1910

22–29 أغسطس

Japan annexes Korea, paving the way for the invasion of Manchuria in 1931.[1]


1918

نوفمبر

11 نوفمبر

توقيع الحلفاء للهدنة مع ألمانيا في الخامسة فجرا ودخولها حيّز التنفيذ بحلول الساعة الحادية عشر من صباح نفس اليوم معلنة نهاية الحرب وانتصار الحلفاء.[2]
تنازل تشارلز الأول عن حكم الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية معلنا نهاية الإمبراطورية وتفككها.[3]
قيام الجمهورية البولندية الثانية على الشطر البولندي من الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية.[4]

13 نوفمبر

قيام الجمهورية الألمانية النمساوية على كامل الأراضي النمساوية التابعة للإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية.[5]

16 نوفمبر

قيام الجمهورية الشعبية المجرية على الأراضي المجرية التابعة للإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية.[6]

18 نوفمبر

إعلان استقلال لتوانيا.[7]

24 نوفمبر

قيام مملكة يوغسلافيا باتحاد مملكة صربيا ودولة السلوفينيون والكروات والصرب.[8]

ديسمبر

04 ديسمبر

سفر الرئيس الأمريكي وودرو ويلسون إلى فرنسا لحضور محادثات السلام في فيرساي ليصبح بذلك أول رئيس أمريكي يزور أوروبا خلال فترة ولايته.[9]

21 ديسمبر

نقل إرفين رومل وعودته إلى الفوج 124 مشاة بجيش فورتيمبيرج.[10]

1919

1920

1921

1922

إبريل

03 إبريل

تعيين جوزيف ستالين في منصب السكرتير العام للحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي.[11]

يونيه

28 يونيه

اندلاع الحرب الأهلية الأيرلندية بين القوات المؤيدة والمعارضة للمعاهدة الإنجليزية الأيرلندية.[12]

سبتمبر

18 سبتمبر

المجر تنضم لعصبة الأمم.[13]

أكتوبر

28 أكتوبر

الفاشيون يصلون للسلطة في إيطاليا وتعيين بينيتو موسوليني رئيسا للوزراء.[14]

نوفمبر

01 نوفمبر

انهيار الدولة العثمانية.[15]

ديسمبر

03 ديسمبر

دخول المعاهدة الإنجليزية الأيرلندية حيّذ التنفيذ واستقلال أيرلندا بشطريها عن المملكة المتحدة.[16]

30 ديسمبر

جمهوريات روسيا وأوكرانيا وبيلاروسيا وما وراء القوقاز تتحد فيما بينها معلنة قيام الاتحاد السوفيتي.[17][18]

1923

يناير

11 يناير

فرنسا وبلجيكا تحتلان حوض الرور لإجبار ألمانيا على دفع تعويضات الحرب العالمية الأولى.[19][20]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

يوليو

24 يوليو

توقيع معاهدة لوزان بسويسرا والمعنية بترسيم الحدود الجديدة بين تركيا ودول الجوار وبمشاركة اليونان وبلغاريا وبعض الدول الأخرى التي شاركت في الحرب العالمية الأولى.[21]

أكتوبر

29 أكتوبر

مصطفى كمال أتاتورك يعلن قيام الجمهورية التركية رسميا في أنقرة كوريث شرعي للدولة العثمانية المقوضة.[22]

نوفمبر

08 نوفمبر

انقلاب بير هول وفشل أدولف هتلر في محاولة الانقلاب التي قاد فيها النازيين ضد الحكومة الألمانية وانتهت بسيطرة قوات الشرطة الحكومية على الوضع في اليوم التالي واعتقال هتلر وقيادات من الحزب النازي.[23]

1924

يناير

21 يناير

وفاة فلاديمير لينين،[24] وستالين يبدأ في التخلص من خصومه السياسيين خلال سعيه للوصول للسلطة.[25][26]

فبراير

01 فبراير

الاتحاد السوفيتي يعترف بالمملكة المتحدة.[27]

إبريل

01 إبريل

الحكم على أدولف هتلر بالسجن خمسة سنوات (لم يقضِ منهم سوى تسعة أشهر)[28] بعد ثبوت تهمة الخيانة العظمى عليه لمشاركته في انقلاب بير هول.[29]

06 إبريل

الفاشيون يفوزون بالانتخابات البرلمانية الإيطالية بأغلبية ثلثي الأصوات مما يتيح لهم احتلال 403 مقعد في البرلمان.[30]

يونيه

10 يونيو

الفاشيون يغتالون السياسي الاشتراكي الإيطالي جاكومو ماتيوتي في روما بعد خطفه في اليوم نفسه، جاء الاغتيال نتيجة نشاط الأخير المضاد للحكومة الفاشية.[31]

أغسطس

18 أغسطس

فرنسا تبدأ في سحب قواتها من ألمانيا.[32]

1926

يناير

03 يناير

اللواء ثيودوروس بنجالوس يُنصّب نفسه دكتاتورا على اليونان.[33]

31 يناير

القوات البلجيكية والبريطانية تغادر ولاية كولونيا الألمانية في نهاية احتلال الحلفاء لمنطقة الرور الصناعية.[32]

فبراير

25 فبراير

تعيين فرانسيسكو فرانكو رئيسا لأركان القوات الإسبانية.[34]

إبريل

04 إبريل

انتخاب اللواء ثيودوروس بنجالوس رئيسا للجمهورية اليونانية الثانية.[33]

24 إبريل

توقيع معاهدة برلين بين ألمانيا والاتحاد السوفيتي والتي نصت على التزام كلتا البلدين بالحياد وعدم الاعتداء حال تعرض أيا منهما لهجوم عسكري خلال السنوات الخمس المقبلة.[35][36]

سبتمبر

11 سبتمبر

إسبانيا تهدد بالانسحاب من عصبة الأمم.[13]

1927

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

يناير

19 يناير

المملكة المتحدة ترسل قواتا إلى جمهورية الصين مع اشتداد الصراع بين القوميين والشيوعيين.[37]

فبراير

12 فبراير

طليعة القوات البريطانية تصل إلى شانغهاي قادمة من المملكة المتحدة ومالطا والهند.[38]

19 فبراير

إضراب عام يشل شانغهاي احتجاجا على الوجود البريطاني.[39]

مارس

10 مارس

ألبانيا تعلن التعبئة العامة تحسبا لهجوم متوقع من جانب يوغوسلافيا.[40]

إبريل

12 إبريل

اندلاع الحرب الأهلية الصينية بين القوميين والشيوعيين.[41]

مايو

20 مايو

توقيع معاهدة جدة واعتراف المملكة المتحدة بالملك عبد العزيز آل سعود ملكا على مملكة الحجاز ونجد.[42][43]

24 مايو

المملكة المتحدة تعلّق علاقاتها الدبلوماسية مع الاتحاد السوفيتي بعد اتهام دبلوماسيين سوفيت بالقيام بعمليات تجسس داخل الأراضي البريطانية.[44]

يونيه

04 يونيه

يوغوسلافيا تعلّق علاقاتها الدبلوماسية مع ألبانيا.[40]

07 يونيه

اغتيال السفير السوفيتي في بولندا بيوتر فويكوف.[45]

نوفمبر

12 نوفمبر

جوزيف ستالين يطرد ليون تروتسكي من الحزب الشيوعي السوفيتي خلال سعيه للانفراد بالسلطة والتخلص من خصومه السياسيين.[46]

1928

مايو

03 مايو

حادثة جينان واندلاع الاشتباكات المسلحة بين الصين واليابان.[47]

يونيه

04 يونيه

حادثة هوانغغوتون واغتيال عناصر يابانية لرئيس جمهورية الصين جانغ زولين.[48]

يوليو

25 يوليو

الولايات المتحدة تستدعي قواتها من الصين.[49]

أغسطس

02 أغسطس

إيطاليا وإثيوبيا توقعان المعاهدة الإيطالية الإثيوبية.[50][51]

27 أغسطس

اعتماد ميثاق بريان كيلوج في باريس والذي يجرّم استخدام الحرب كوسيلة لحل النزاعات الدبلوماسية والسياسية[52] بموافقة الدول العظمى في ذلك الوقت وعلى رأسها الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة وفرنسا وإيطاليا واليابان وألمانيا وتسع دول أخرى.[53]

1929

فبراير

09 فبراير

توقيع ميثاق ليتفينوف في موسكو والذي يحمل نفس مبادئ ميثاق بريان كيلوج لنبذ الحرب بمشاركة حكومات الاتحاد السوفيتي وبولندا وإستونيا ورومانيا ولاتفيا.[54]

11 فبراير

إيطاليا والكرسي الرسولي توقعان اتفاقية لاتران لإنهاء الجدال فيما بينهما حول المسألة الرومانية وتسوية الأوضاع المتعلقة بالفاتيكان.[55]

مارس

28 مارس

اليابان تسحب قواتها من الصين معلنة نهاية الاشتباكات المسلحة المعروفة بحادثة جينان.[56][57]

إبريل

03 إبريل

مملكة إيران توقّع ميثاق ليتفينوف.[54]

يونيه

07 يونيه

تفعيل اتفاقية لاتران وإعلان الفاتيكان دولة مستقلة.[55]

يوليو

24 يوليو

تفعيل ميثاق بريان كيلوج.[58]

أكتوبر

24 أكتوبر

الخميس الأسود وانهيار سوق الأسهم الأمريكية.[59][60]

29 أكتوبر

الثلاثاء الأسود[61] وبداية الكساد الكبير بانهيار سوق الأوراق المالية وانخفاض مؤشر داو جونز الصناعي في أعقاب الخميس الأسود.[62][63]

1930

22 أبريل

المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدةوإيطاليا واليابان يوقعون معاهدة لندن البحرية لتقنين بناء الغواصات والسفن الحربية ووضع أسس للحروب البحرية.[64]

30 يونيو

فرنسا تسحب باقي قواتها من راينلاند.[65]

September 14

German election results in the Nazis becoming the second-largest party in the Reichstag.

1931

May 19

Launching of the first Deutschland-class cruiser, Deutschland. The construction of the ship causes consternation abroad as it was expected that the restriction of 10,000 tons displacement for these ships would limit the German Navy to coastal defense vessels, not ships capable of warfare on the open sea.

September 18

Mukden Incident: the Japanese stage a false flag bombing against a Japanese-owned railroad in the Chinese region of Manchuria, blaming Chinese dissidents for the attack, an incident that many claim is the official start of what would become the Second World War.

September 19

Using the Mukden Incident as a pretext, the Japanese invade Manchuria and set it up as a puppet state.

1932

The Soviet famine of 1932–33, also known as the Holodomor begins, caused in part by the collectivization of agriculture of the first five-year plan.

January 7

The Stimson Doctrine is proclaimed by United States Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson in response to Japan invading Manchuria. The Doctrine holds that the United States government will not recognize border changes that are made by force.

January 28

January 28 incident: using a flare-up of anti-Japanese violence as a pretext, the Japanese attack Shanghai, China. Fighting ends on March 6, and on May 5 a ceasefire agreement is signed wherein Shanghai is made a demilitarized zone.

February 27

Fighting between China and Japan in Manchuria ends with Japan in control of Manchuria.

March 1

Japan creates the puppet state Manchukuo out of occupied Manchuria.

April 10

Paul von Hindenburg is reelected President of Germany, defeating Adolf Hitler in a run-off.

May 4

The Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact is signed. It will enter into force on 18 August 1932 and will remain in force until 31 December 1945.

May 30

Chancellor of Germany Heinrich Brüning resigns. President Hindenburg asks Franz von Papen to form a new government.

July 25

Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed with it being initially effective for three years.

August 30

Hermann Göring is elected chairman of the German Senate.

November 8

Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Herbert Hoover in the 1932 presidential election.

November 21

President Hindenburg begins talking to Hitler about forming a new government.

December 3

Hindenburg names Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany.

1933

January 1

Defense of the Great Wall: Japan attacks the fortified eastern end of the Great Wall of China in Rehe Province in Inner Mongolia.

January 30

Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Hindenburg.

February 27

Germany's parliament building the Reichstag is set on fire.

February 28

The Reichstag Fire Decree is passed, nullifying many German civil liberties.

March 4

Franklin Delano Roosevelt is inaugurated as President of the United States.

March 20

Germany's first concentration camp, Dachau, is completed.

March 23

The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany.

March 24

Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933

March 27

Japan leaves the League of Nations over the League of Nations' Lytton Report that found that Manchuria belongs to China and that Manchukuo was not a truly independent state.

April 1

Germans are told to boycott Jewish shops and businesses.

April 26

The Gestapo secret police is established in Germany.

May 2

Hitler outlaws trade unions.

May 15

Official formation of the Luftwaffe, the German air force built in secret in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

May 31

The Tanggu Truce is signed between China and Japan, setting the ceasefire conditions between the two states after the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. China accedes to all Japanese demands, creating a large demilitarized zone inside Chinese territory.

June 21

All non-Nazi parties are banned in Germany.

July 14

The Nazi party becomes the official party of Germany.

August 25

Haavara Agreement: The agreement was designed to help facilitate the emigration of German Jews to Palestine.

September 2

Italy and the USSR sign the Italo-Soviet Pact

September 12

Leó Szilárd conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.

October 19

Germany leaves the League of Nations.

November 16

The United States extends diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union.

November 24

Homeless, alcoholic, and unemployed sent to Nazi concentration camps.

1934

 
The unfortunate Engelbert Dollfuss

January 26

Germany and Poland sign the 10 year German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact.

February 12–16

The Austrian Civil War is fought, ending with Austrofascist victory.

February 9

Balkan Pact, a military alliance is signed between Greece, Turkey, Romania and Yugoslavia

March 20

All German police forces come under the command of Heinrich Himmler.

May 5

Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact is extented to December 31, 1945.
 
"Long knives" victim Ernst Röhm with Hitler, August 1933

June 30

Night of the Long Knives in Germany. Potential rivals to Hitler within the Nazi Party, including SA leader Ernst Röhm and prominent anti-Nazi conservatives such as, former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, are killed by the SS and the Gestapo.

July 20

The SS becomes an organization independent of the Nazi Party, reporting directly to Adolf Hitler.[66]

July 25

Austrian Nazis assassinate Engelbert Dollfuss during the failed July Putsch against the Austrian government.

August 2

Upon the death of President Hindenburg, Hitler makes himself Führer of Germany, becoming Head of State as well as Chancellor.

August 8

Members of the Wehrmacht begin swearing a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler instead of to the German constitution.

September

The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.

October 9

King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated in Marseilles[67] Alexander's political murder further destablized the Balkans. Barthou and Alexander were working for peace in Europe, particularly between Germany and The Soviet, as they prepared each France and Yugoslavia for war.[68]

October 16

Beginning of the Long March where the Chinese Red Army retreats to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang forces.

December 1

Sergei Kirov, head of the Leningrad Communist Party, is murdered by an unknown assailant, precipitating a wave of repression in the Soviet Union.

December 5

The Abyssinia Crisis begins with the Walwal incident, an armed clash between Italian and Ethiopian troops on the border of Ethiopia.

December 29

Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty.

1935

January 7

The League of Nations approves the results of the Saar plebiscite, which allows Saar to be incorporated into German borders.[69]

June 18

The Anglo-German Naval Agreement is signed by Germany and the United Kingdom. The agreement allows Germany to build a fleet that's 35% the tonnage of the British fleet. In this way, the British hope to limit German naval rearmament.

August 31

The Neutrality Act of 1935 is passed in the United States imposing a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war and it also declared that American citizens traveling on ships of warring nations traveled at their own risk.

September 15

The Reichstag passes the Nuremberg Laws, institutionalizing discrimination against Jews and providing the legal framework for the systematic persecution of Jews in Germany.

October 3

Italy invades Ethiopia, beginning the Second Italo–Abyssinian War. League denounces Italy and calls for an oil embargo that fails.[70]

November 14

Final British General election until 1945. Stanley Baldwin replaces Ramsay MacDonald as Prime Minister.

1936

January

George V, King of the United Kingdom, is euthanized by his doctors.[71] David, Prince of Wales becomes King Edward VIII.

February 6

Germany hosts the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria.

March 7

In violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland.
After the Rhineland move Hitler met separately with French journalist Bertrand de Jouvenal and British analyst Arnold J. Toynbee emphasizing his limited expansionist aim of building a greater German nation, and his desire for British understanding and cooperation.[72]
King Edward VIII, over the head of the Baldwin Government, orders the military to stand down in relation to the move.

March 25

The Second London Naval Treaty is signed by the United Kingdom, United States, and France. Italy and Japan each declined to sign this treaty.

May 5

Italian troops march into the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, marking the end of the Second Italo–Abyssinian War.

June 3

Luftwaffe Chief of Staff General Walther Wever loses his life in an air crash, ending any hope for the Luftwaffe to ever have a strategic bombing force similar to the Allies.
 
Fighting during the initial beginning of the Spanish Civil War, July 1936.

July 17

The failed Spanish coup of July 1936 by Nationalist forces marks the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

August 1

Germany hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

October

The Great Purge commences in the Soviet Union with widespread repression of suspected opponents of the regime. The purge leads to the imprisonment and death of many military officers, weakening the Soviet Armed Forces ahead of World War II.

October 18

Göring is made head of the German Four Year Plan, an effort to make Germany self-sufficient through autarky and increase armaments.

November 3

Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection defeating Alf Landon.

November 14

Suiyuan campaign begins as Japanese-backed Mongolian troops attack the Chinese garrison at Hongort.

November 15

The aerial German Condor Legion goes into action for the first time in the Spanish Civil War in support of the Nationalist side.

November 25

The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Japan and Germany. The signing parties agree to go to war with the Soviet Union if one of the signatories is attacked by the Soviet Union.

December 1

Hitler makes it mandatory for all males between the ages 10-18 to join the Hitler Youth.

December 12

Kuomintang marshal Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek in order to compel the Kuomintang to make a truce with the Chinese Communist party for the purpose of fighting the invading Japanese.
Edward VIII is forced to abdicate due to his marriage to Wallis Simpson and is succeeded by Albert, Duke of York, who assumes the name King George VI

December 23

The first 3,000 men of the Italian expeditionary force (later named Corpo Truppe Volontarie) lands in Cadiz in support of the Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War.

December 24

The Second United Front is formed between the Chinese Communist party and the Kuomintang, temporarily suspending the Chinese Civil War for the sake of fighting the Japanese.

1937

January 20

President Roosevelt begins his second term.

February 21

The Non-Intervention Committee of the League of Nations prohibits foreign intervention or involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

May 7

The Condor Legion Fighter Group is deployed in Spain and begins to aid the Falangists.

May 28

Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

June 21

Léon Blum's coalition government collapses.

July 7

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurs, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War.

August 8

Japanese forces occupies the city of Beijing.

August 13

Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Shanghai commences.

October 5

President Roosevelt gives the Quarantine Speech outlining a move away from neutrality and towards "quarantining" all aggressors.

October 13

Germany notifies Belgium that its sovereignty will be guaranteed as long as Belgium refrains from taking part in military action against Germany.

November 5

Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting in the Reich Chancellery and discusses the need for "lebensraum."

November 6

Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact.

November 26

Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Shanghai ends in Japanese victory as Chinese forces evacuate the city.

December 1

Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking commences as Japanese forces attack the city.

December 8

Japan established the puppet state of Mengjiang in the Inner Mongolia region of the Republic of China.[73]

December 11

Italy leaves the League of Nations.

December 12

The USS Panay incident occurs, where Japan attacked the American gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River.

December 13

Second Sino-Japanese War: start of the Rape of Nanking following Japanese victory in the Battle of Nanking.

1938

 
Aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass (9–10 November 1938)

January 26

The Allison incident occurs further straining relations between Japan and the United States.

March 6

Japanese troops reach the Vietnam River in Bucu aera in Vietnam.[74]

March 13

The Anschluss: Germany annexes Austria.

March 24

Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Taierzhuang commences. The battle ends with Chinese victory on 7 April after intense house-to-house fighting inside the city of Taierzhuang.
Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Xuzhou begins, and ends in Japanese victory on May 1 as Chinese troops break out from the encircled city.

July 6–16

Évian Conference: The United States and the United Kingdom refuse to accept any more Jewish refugees.

July 29

The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts begin with the Battle of Lake Khasan.

August

Soviet Union wins the Battle of Lake Khasan against Japan.

September 27

U.S. President Roosevelt sends a letter to German Führer Adolf Hitler seeking peace.[75]

September 30

The Munich Agreement is signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The agreement allows Germany to annex the Czechoslovak Sudetenland area in exchange for peace in an attempt to appease Hitler. Related: Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts § Annexations by Poland in 1938.
 
From left to right: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured before signing the Munich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland to Germany.

October 5

Germany invalidates the passports of all its Jewish citizens who are reissued passports with the letter "J" stamped in red. This change was made after requests by Sweden and Switzerland who wanted a way of easily denying Jews entry into their countries.[2][3]

November 7

Polish-German Jew Herschel Grynszpan murders moderate German consular aide Ernst vom Rath in Paris.[74][76]

November 9

vom Rath's death triggers Kristallnacht. Pogrom begins in Germany; thousands of Jewish shops and synagogues are smashed, looted, burned, and destroyed throughout the country.[74]

1939

 
The world powers in 1939, before the start of World War II.

January 25

A uranium atom is split for the first time at Columbia University in the United States.[77]

January 27

Hitler orders Plan Z, a 5-year naval expansion programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of defeating the British Royal Navy by 1944. The Kriegsmarine is given the first priority on the allotment of German economic resources. This is the first and only time the Kriegsmarine is given the first priority in the history of the Third Reich.

March 14

The pro-German Slovak Republic is created.
Carpatho-Ukraine is created, which Hungary invades that same day.

March 15

Germany occupies and annexes Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia in violation of the Munich Agreement. The Czechs do not attempt to put up any organized resistance, having lost their main defensive line with the annexation of the Sudetenland.
Germany establishes the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The Second Czechoslovak Republic is dissolved.

March 16

Hungary annexes Carpatho-Ukraine.

March 20

German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop delivers an oral ultimatum to Lithuania, demanding that it cede the Klaipėda Region (German name Memel) to Germany.

March 21

Hitler demands the return of the Free City of Danzig to Germany.

March 23

German–Romanian Treaty for the Development of Economic Relations between the Two Countries is signed.
Germany annexes the Klaipėda Region.
Germany and Slovakia sign the Schutzzonenvertrag zwischen Deutschland und Slowakei [Treaty on the protective relationship between Germany and the Slovak State], creating the German Zone of Protection in Slovakia.
The Slovak–Hungarian War begins.

March 31

The United Kingdom and France offer a guarantee of Polish independence.
The Slovak–Hungarian War ends.

April 1

The Spanish Civil War ends in Nationalist victory. Spain becomes a dictatorship with Francisco Franco as the head of the new government.

April 3

Hitler orders the German military to start planning for Fall Weiss, the codename for the attack on Poland, planned to be launched on August 25, 1939.

April 4

Hungary and Slovakia sign the Budapest Treaty, handing over a strip of eastern Slovak territory to Hungary.

April 7–12

Italy invades Albania with little in the way of military resistance. Albania is later made part of Italy through a personal union of the Italian and Albanian crown.

April 14

U.S. President Roosevelt sends letter to German Chancellor Hitler and Italian Prime Minister Mussolini seeking peace.[78]

April 18

The Soviet Union proposes a tripartite alliance with the United Kingdom and France. It is rejected.[79]

April 28

In a speech before the Reichstag, Hitler renounces the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
 
Japanese infantry at the Battle of Khalkin Gol near two wrecked Soviet armored cars, July 1939.

May 11

Soviet–Japanese border conflicts: The Battle of Khalkhin Gol begins with Japan and Manchukuo against the Soviet Union and Mongolia. The battle ends in Soviet victory on September 16, influencing the Japanese not to seek further conflict with the Soviets, but to turn towards the Pacific holdings of the Euro-American powers instead.

May 17

Sweden, Norway, and Finland reject Germany's offer of non-aggression pacts.

May 22

The Pact of Steel, known formally as the "Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy", is signed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Pact declares further cooperation between the two powers, but in a secret supplement the Pact is detailed as a military alliance.

June 7

The German–Estonian and the German–Latvian non-aggression pacts are concluded. They will remain in force for ten years.

June 14

The Tientsin incident occurs, in which the Japanese blockade the British concession in the North China Treaty Port of Tientsin, now called Tianjin.

July 10

Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain reaffirms support for Poland and makes it clear that Britain did not view Free City of Danzig as being an internal German-Polish affair and would intervene on behalf of Poland if hostilities broke out between the two countries.

August 2

The Einstein-Szilárd letter is sent to President Roosevelt. Written by Leó Szilárd and signed by Albert Einstein, it warned of the danger that Germany might develop atomic bombs. This letter prompted action by Roosevelt and eventually resulted in the Manhattan Project.

August 23

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, with secret provisions for the division of Eastern Europe – joint occupation of Poland and Soviet occupation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Finland and Bessarabia. This protocol removes the threat of Soviet intervention during the German invasion of Poland.

August 25

In response to a message from Mussolini that Italy will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, Hitler delays the launch of the invasion by five days to provide more time to secure British and French neutrality.

August 30

German ultimatum to Poland concerning the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig.

September 1

Without response to its ultimatum, Germany invades Poland, start of World War II (the Soviet Union invades Poland on September 17).

انظر أيضاً

Notes and references

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  2. ^ Harry Rudin, Armistice, 1918 (1967) pp 320-49
  3. ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/abdication_karl.htm
  4. ^ The End, TIME Magazine, October 2, 1939
  5. ^ Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Austrians: a thousand-year odyssey (1998).
  6. ^ 1918. évi néphatározat
  7. ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas (1999). "Chapter 1: Restoration of the State". In Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 24–31. ISBN 0-312-22458-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Spencer Tucker. Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Pp. 1189.
  9. ^ "President Wilson's Fourteen Points". Wwi.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  10. ^ Current Biography Yearbook 1942 New York: H.W. Wilson, 1943. pp. 701–04. See also: http://www.storico.org/Rommel.htm
  11. ^ Robert Service. Stalin: A Biography. 2004. ISBN 978-0-330-41913-0
  12. ^ قبيل إعلان الحرب رسميا في 28 يونيه سقط 8 قتلى و49 جريح في مصادمات سابقة بين الجانبين. (Niall C. Harrington, Kerry Landings, p. 22)
  13. ^ أ ب التسلسل الزمني لعصبة الأمم، الأمم المتحدة
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  16. ^ Anglo Irish Treaty (New York Times). حمل الموقعون من الجانب الأيرلندي وصفي "الموقعون الأيرلنديون" و"الوفد الأيرلندي" كيفما أُشير إليهم في بنود المعاهدة والتي لم تحمل أي إشارة أو لفظ دال على "الحكومة الأيرلندية" أو حكومة "الجمهورية الأيرلندية"، وعليه فمن المنافي للصواب اعتبار المعاهدة موقعة من قِبل حكومتين وإنما حكومة هي حكومة المملكة المتحدة وممثلي كيان تابع لها بصدد الاستقلال.
  17. ^ Richard Sakwa The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991: 1917–1991. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 978-0-415-12290-2, 9780415122900. pp. 140–143.
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  19. ^ Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pages 231-255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue # 3, September 1978 pages 240-241.
  20. ^ نالت فرنسا تعويضات قُدّر مجموعها بنحو 1,600 مليون جنيها استرلينيا قبل أن توقف ألمانيا الدفع في 1932 في الوقت الذي اضطرت فيه فرنسا لدفع مديونيتها بشأن الحرب للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والتي قُدرت هي الأخرى بنحو 600 مليون جنيها استرلينيا. Larkin, France since the Popular Front, page 9
  21. ^ النص الكامل لمعاهدة لوزان (1923)
  22. ^ Shaw, Stanford Jay (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey; Vol.1, Empire of the Gazis. the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5212-9163-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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  24. ^ Christopher Read, Lenin, Abingdon: Routledge (2005), p. 4.
  25. ^ Trotsky, Leon. My Life (1930) The Marxists Internet Archive
  26. ^ Trotsky, Leon (1932). On the Suppressed Testament of Lenin. The Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  27. ^ Louis Fischer, The Soviets in World Affairs: A History of the Relations Between the Soviet Union and the Rest of the World, 1917-1929. In Two Volumes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951. Vol. 2, pp. 492-493.
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