المعرفة

هولودومور

(تم التحويل من Holodomor)

هولودومور Holodomor (أوكرانية: Голодомор, 'Морити голодом'، ترجمتها الحرفية القتل بالجوع) كانت مجاعة حدثت في اوكرانيا السوڤيتية ما بين 1932 و1933. أثناء المجاعة والتي عرفت وقتها باسم "الإرهاب-المجاعة في اوكرانيا" و"الماجعة-التطهير العرقي في اوكرانيا"،[2][3][4] في الموسم الزراعي 1932 - 1933. في ذات الفترة كانت المجاعات تعصف ببقاع أخرى أيضاً من الاتحاد السوڤيتي. تعتبر مجاعة هولودومور أحد أسوأ الكوارث في التاريخ الأوكراني، وأحد أسوأ معالم فترة حكم ستالين، حيث تشير التقديرات إلى أن ما بين 2.2 و3.5 مليون قد ماتوا في هذه المجاعة، كما أن البعض يطرح أرقاماً أعلى من ذلك بكثير.

هولودومور
Голодомор в Україні
GolodomorKharkiv.jpg
Starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv, 1933
البلدUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union
الموقعCentral and eastern Ukraine
الفترة1932–1933
إجمالي الوفياتAround 3.5 million; see death toll
الإنقاذForeign relief rejected by the state. 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the state as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.[1]

أوكرانيا كانت تعتبر بمثابة سلة خبز أوروبا قبل المجاعة.أسباب المجاعة هي موضع جدل علمي وسياسي كبيرين، فبعض المؤرخين يعتبرون المجاعة مدبرة من قبل السلطات السوفييتية لاستهداف النزعة الوطنية الأوكرانية، آخرون يرون أنها نتيجة غير مقصودة للمشكلات الاقتصادية التي سببتها التغييرات الاقتصادية في حقبة تحويل السوفييت إلى الاقتصاد الصناعي. كما أن هناك من يعزو المجاعة بالأساس إلى أسباب طبيعية.

وقد أقر البرلمان [5] والحكومة الأوكرانيان وعدد من الدول الأخرى اعتبار الأحداث التي أدت إلى المجاعة بمثابة أفعال إبادة جماعية، رغم عدم وجود إجماع دولي حول ذلك.

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الاعتراف القانوني

التاريخ

الأسباب

المقالة الرئيسية: أسباب الهولودومور


الانتهاكات

الضحايا

انظر أيضاً: المجاعة السوڤيتية 1932–1933 and المسح السوڤيتي (1937)


Incidence of Disease in Russian Empire and USSR
السنة التيفود حمى التيفود الحمى الراجعة الجدري الملاريا
1913 120 424 30 67 3600
1918-22 1300 293 639 106 2940 (متوسط)
1929 40 170 6 8 3000
1930 60 190 5 10 2700
1931 80 260 4 30 3200
1932 220 300 12 80 4500
1933 800 210 12 38 6500
1934 410 200 10 16 9477
1935 120 140 6 4 9924
1936 100 120 3 0.5 6500


Declassified Soviet statistics[6]
السنة المواليد الوفيات التغير الطبيعي
1927 1184 523 661
1928 1139 496 643
1929 1081 539 542
1930 1023 536 487
1931 975 515 460
1932 782 668 114
1933 471 1850 -1379
1934 571 483 88
1935 759 342 417
1936 895 361 534


التطهير العرقي

 
البلدان التي أقرت الهولودومور كتطهير عرقي
المقالة الرئيسية: Holodomor genocide question


الإنكار الغربي والسوڤيتي

المقالة الرئيسية: إنكار الهولودومور


في السياسات المعاصرة

المقالة الرئيسية: الهولودومور في السياسات المعاصرة
 
One of the interpretations of The Running Man painting by Kazimir Malevich, also known as Peasant Between a Cross and a Sword, is the artist's indictment of the Great Famine.[7] "Kasimir Malevich's haunting 'The Running Man' (1933-34), showing a peasant fleeing across a deserted landscape, is eloquent testimony to the disaster."[8]


الذكرى

 
Viktor Yanukovych and Dmitry Medvedev near Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kiev


الذكرى خارج اوكرانيا

كندا

الولايات المتحدة

معرض الصور


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انظر أيضاً

هوامش

  1. ^ Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, pp. 479–484.
  2. ^ Davies, Norman (2006). Europe East and West. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 145. ISBN 0-224-06924-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ Baumeister, Roy (1999). Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. Macmillan. p. 179. ISBN 0-8050-7165-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ Sternberg, Robert (2008). The Nature of Hate. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-521-89698-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ http://arabic.rnw.nl/currentaffairs/cur24120601
  6. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة HowMany
  7. ^ Dmytro Horbachov, Fullest Expression of Pure feeling, Welcome to Ukraine, 1998, No 1.
  8. ^ Andrew Wilson, "The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation", Yale University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-300-09309-8, p.144

قراءات إضافية

إعلانات وقوانين

كتب ومقالات

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وصلات خارجية

 
 اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

Joint Statement on Holodomor


  Countries which officially recognize the Holodomor as genocide

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  1. ^ There seems to be a disagreement between branches of Ukrainian government over the issue. See Holodomor genocide question#Genocide debate: Ukrainian position for details
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