المعرفة

أوسـِت (شعب)

(تم التحويل من Ossetians)

The Ossetians ( /ɒˈsiːʃənz/ oss-EE-shənz or /ɒˈsɛtiənz/ oss-ET-ee-ənz;[26] اوستية: ир, ирæттæ / дигорӕ, дигорӕнттӕ),[27] also known as Ossetes ( /ˈɒsiːts/ OSS-eets),[28] Ossets ( /ˈɒsɪts/ OSS-its),[29] and Alans ( /ˈælənz/ AL-ənz), are an Eastern Iranian[30][31][32][33] ethnic group who are indigenous to Ossetia, a region situated across the northern and southern sides of the Caucasus Mountains.[34][35][36] They natively speak Ossetic, an Eastern Iranian language of the Indo-European language family, with most also being fluent in Russian as a second language.

Ossetians
Ир, Ирæттæ, Дигорæ, Дигорæнттæ / Ir, Irættæ, Digoræ, Digorænttæ
Ossetian flag variant for North Ossetia
Ossetian flag variant for South Ossetia
Caucasian dancer Alexander Dzusov.jpg
Ossetian folk dancer in North Ossetia (Russia), 2010
إجمالي التعداد
700,000[بحاجة لمصدر]
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
Flag of روسيا روسيا558,515[1]
( اوستيا الشمالية-ألبانيا)480,310[2]
Flag of اوستيا الجنوبية اوستيا الجنوبية51,000[3][4]
Flag of جورجيا جورجيا
(excluding South Ossetia P.A.)		14,385[5]
Flag of سوريا سوريا50,000[6]
Flag of تركيا تركيا20,000–50,000[7][8][9][10]
Flag of طاجيكستان طاجيكستان7,861[11]
Flag of اوزبكستان اوزبكستان5,823[12]
Flag of أوكرانيا أوكرانيا4,830[13]
Flag of قزخستان قزخستان4,308[14]
Flag of تركمنستان تركمنستان2,066[15]
Flag of أذربيجان أذربيجان1,170[16]
Flag of قيرغيزستان قيرغيزستان758[17]
Flag of بلاروس بلاروس554[18]
Flag of مولدوڤا مولدوڤا403[19]
Flag of أرمنيا أرمنيا331[20]
Flag of لاتڤيا لاتڤيا285[21]
Flag of لتوانيا لتوانيا119[22]
Flag of إستونيا إستونيا116[23]
اللغات
Ossetian languages
(Iron and Digor)
Russian, Turkish, Arabic (L2)
الدين
Majority:
OrthodoxCrossblack.svg Eastern Orthodoxy (70-85%)[24]
Minority:
Star and Crescent.svg Islam (15-30%)[25]
Assianism symbol.svg Uatsdin
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
Jász, other Iranian peoples
a. ^ The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations.

Currently, the Ossetian homeland of Ossetia is politically divided between North Ossetia–Alania in Russia, and the de facto country of South Ossetia (recognized by the United Nations as Russian-occupied territory that is de jure part of Georgia). Their closest historical and linguistic relatives, the Jász people, live in the Jászság region within the northwestern part of the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County of Hungary. A third group descended from the medieval Alans are the Asud of Mongolia. Both the Jász and the Asud have long been assimilated; only the Ossetians have preserved a form of the Alanic language and Alanian identity.[37]

The majority of Ossetians are Eastern Orthodox Christians,[38] with sizable minorities professing the Ossetian ethnic religion of Uatsdin as well as Islam.

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أصل الاسم

The Ossetians and Ossetia received their name from the Russians, who had adopted the Georgian designations Osi (ოსი, pl. Osebi, ოსები) and Oseti ('the land of Osi', ოსეთი – note the personal pronoun), used since the Middle Ages for the single Iranian-speaking population of the Central Caucasus and probably based on the old Sarmatian self-designation As (pronounced Az) or Iasi (pronounced Yazi), cognate with Hungarian Jasz, both derived from the Latin Iazyges, which is a latinization of a Sarmatian tribal name of the Alans called *Yazig, from Proto-Iranian *Yaz, meaning "those who sacrifice", perhaps referring to a tribe specifying in ritual sacrifice, although the broader Sarmatians apparently called themselves "Ariitai" or "Aryan", preserved in modern Ossetic Irættæ.[39][40][41]

Since Ossetian speakers lacked any single inclusive name for themselves in their native language beyond the traditional Iron–Digoron subdivision, these terms came to be accepted by the Ossetians as an endonym even before their integration into the Russian Empire.[42]

This practice was put into question by the new Ossetian nationalism in the early 1990s, when the dispute between the Ossetian subgroups of Digoron and Iron over the status of the Digor dialect made Ossetian intellectuals search for a new inclusive ethnic name. This, combined with the effects of the Georgian–Ossetian conflict, led to the popularization of Alania, the name of the medieval Sarmatian confederation, to which the Ossetians traced their origin and to the inclusion of this name into the official republican title of North Ossetia in 1994.[42]

The root os/as- probably stems from an earlier *ows/aws-. This is suggested by the archaic Georgian root ovs- (cf. Ovsi, Ovseti), documented in the Georgian Chronicles; the long length of the initial vowel or the gemination of the consonant s in some forms (NPers. Ās, Āṣ; Lat. Aas, Assi); and by the Armenian ethnic name *Awsowrk' (Ōsur-), probably derived from a cognate preserved in the Jassic term *Jaszok, referring to the branch of the Iazyges Alanic tribe dwelling near modern Georgia by the time of Anania Shirakatsi (7th century AD).[43]


الجماعات الفرعية

 
Ossetian tribes (according to B. A. Kaloev).[44][45]

الثقافة

قالب:Culture of South Ossetia

انظر أيضاً: Ossetian culture

الأساطير

المقالة الرئيسية: Ossetian mythology

The native beliefs of the Ossetian people are rooted in their Sarmatian origin, which have been syncretized with a local variant of Folk Orthodoxy, in which some pagan gods having been converted into Christian saints.[46] The Narts, the Daredzant, and the Tsartsiat, serve as the basic literature of folk mythology in the region.[47]

الموسيقى

المقالة الرئيسية: Ossetian music

الأصناف

Ossetian folk songs are divided into 10 unique genres:

  • Historic songs
  • War songs
  • Heroic songs
  • Work songs
  • Wedding songs
  • Drinking songs
  • Humorous songs
  • Dance songs
  • Romantic songs
  • Lyrical songs

الآلات

Ossetians use the following Instruments in their music:

التاريخ

 
Charnel vaults at a necropolis near the village of Dargavs, North Ossetia

قبل التاريخ (اللان المبكرون)

المقالة الرئيسية: اللان

The Ossetians descend from the Iazyges tribe of the Sarmatians, an Alanic sub-tribe, which in turn split off from the broader Scythians itself.[38] The Sarmatians were the only branch of the Alans to keep their culture in the face of a Gothic invasion (c. 200 AD) and those who remained built a great kingdom between the Don and Volga Rivers, according to Coon, The Races of Europe. Between 350 and 374 AD, the Huns destroyed the Alan kingdom and the Alan people were split in half. A few fled to the west, where they participated in the Barbarian Invasions of Rome, established short-lived kingdoms in Spain and North Africa and settled in many other places such as Orléans, France, Iași, Romania, Alenquer, Portugal and Jászberény, Hungary. The other Alans fled to the south and settled in the Caucasus, where they established their medieval kingdom of Alania.[بحاجة لمصدر]

العصور الوسطى

المقالة الرئيسية: Alania
 
Figurine of "Zadaleski Nana" ("the mother of Zadalesk"), also known as "mother of the Ossetes", who is said to have hid orphaned children in a cave during Tamerlane's invasion in the late 14th century

In the 8th century a consolidated Alan kingdom, referred to in sources of the period as Alania, emerged in the northern Caucasus Mountains, roughly in the location of the latter-day Circassia and the modern North Ossetia–Alania. At its height, Alania was a centralized monarchy with a strong military force and had a strong economy that benefited from the Silk Road.

After the Mongol invasions of the 1200s, the Alans migrated further into Caucasus Mountains, where they would form three ethnographical groups; the Iron, the Digoron and the Kudar. The Jassic people are believed to be a potentially fourth group that migrated in the 13th century to Hungary.

التاريخ الحديث

 
Kosta Khetagurov

In more-recent history, the Ossetians participated in the Ossetian–Ingush conflict (1991–1992) and Georgian–Ossetian conflicts (1918–1920, early 1990s) and in the 2008 South Ossetia war between Georgia and Russia.

Key events:

Ever since de facto independence, there have been proposals in South Ossetia of joining Russia and uniting with North Ossetia.


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اللغة

المقالة الرئيسية: اللغة الأوستية
 
The Ossetic language written in its traditional Khutsuri

The Ossetian language belongs to the Eastern Iranian (Alanic) branch of the Indo-European language family.[38]

Ossetian is divided into two main dialect groups: Ironian[38] (os. – Ирон) in North and South Ossetia and Digorian[38] (os. – Дыгурон) in Western North Ossetia. In these two groups are some subdialects, such as Tualian, Alagirian and Ksanian. The Ironian dialect is the most widely spoken.

Ossetian is among the remnants of the Scytho-Sarmatian dialect group, which was once spoken across the Pontic–Caspian Steppe. The Ossetian language is not mutually intelligible with any other Iranian language.

الدين

الدين في أوستيا الشمالية-ألانيا في 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[53][54]
Russian Orthodoxy
  
 49.2%
Assianism and other native faiths
  
 29.4%
Islam
  
 15%
Other Christians
  
 9.8%
Atheism and irreligion
  
 3%
Other Orthodox
  
 2.4%
Protestantism
  
 0.8%
Spiritual but not religious
  
 0.8%
Other and undeclared
  
 0.6%

Prior to the 10th century, Ossetians were strictly pagan, though they were partially Christianized by Byzantine missionaries in the beginning of the 10th century.[55] By the 13th, gradually most of the urban population of Ossetia became Eastern Orthodox Christian as a result of Georgian missionary work.[38][56][57]

Islam was introduced shortly after during the 1500s and 1600s, when the members of the Digor first encountered Circassians of the Kabarday tribe in Western Ossetia, who themselves had been introduced to the religion by Tatars during the 1400s.[58]

 
 
Left: The pagan Rekom shrine, said to be established in the late 14th century Right: Gift offerings from the Rekom shrine

According to a 2013 estimate, up to 15% of North Ossetia’s population practice Islam.[59]

In 1774, Ossetia became part of the Russian Empire, which only went on to strengthen Orthodox Christianity considerably, by having sent Russian Orthodox missionaries there. However, most of the missionaries chosen were churchmen from Eastern Orthodox communities living in Georgia, including Armenians and Greeks, as well as ethnic Georgians. Russian missionaries themselves were not sent, as this would have been regarded by the Ossetians as too intrusive.

Today, the majority of Ossetians from both North and South Ossetia follow Eastern Orthodoxy.[38][60]

Assianism (Uatsdin or Aesdin in Ossetian), the Ossetian folk religion, is also widespread among Ossetians, with ritual traditions like animal sacrifices, holy shrines, annual festivities, etc. There are temples, known as kuvandon, in most villages.[61] According to the research service Sreda, North Ossetia is the primary center of Ossetian Folk religion and 29% of the population reported practicing the Folk religion in a 2012 survey.[62] Assianism has been steadily rising in popularity since the 1980s.[63]

Notable Iranians Of Ossetian Descent

Some Iranians of Ossetian descent are:

  • Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944), the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty and the second Shah of Iran. He was born in Alasht, a village in Mazandaran Province, to a family of Ossetian origin1
  • Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), the last Shah of Iran and the son of Reza Shah Pahlavi. He ruled from 1941 until the Iranian Revolution of 1979. He was also of Ossetian descent from his father’s side1
  • Shahpur Bakhtiar (1914-1991), the last Prime Minister of Iran before the Iranian Revolution. He was a member of the National Front, a political party that advocated for democracy and secularism. He was assassinated by agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran in France. He had Ossetian ancestry from his mother’s side2
  • Ali Daei (b. 1969), a former football player and coach. He is the world’s all-time leading goalscorer in international matches, with 109 goals in 149 appearances for the Iran national team. He is widely regarded as one of the best Asian footballers of all time. He has Ossetian roots from his paternal grandfather3
  • Mehdi Mahdavikia (b. 1977), a former football player and coach. He played as a winger and a right-back for several clubs in Iran, Germany, and Qatar. He also represented the Iran national team in four editions of the AFC Asian Cup and two FIFA World Cups. He is of Ossetian descent from his father’s side4.[38]

السكان

Outside of South Ossetia, there are also a significant number of Ossetians living in Trialeti, in North-Central Georgia. A large Ossetian diaspora lives in Turkey and Syria, Ossetians have also settled in Belgium, France, Sweden, the United States (primarily New York City, Florida and California), Canada (Toronto), Australia (Sydney) and other countries all around the world.

التعداد الروسي 2002

The vast majority of Ossetians live in Russia (according to the Russian Census (2002)):


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الجينات

The Ossetians are a unique ethnic group of the Caucasus, speaking an Indo-Iranian language surrounded mostly by Vainakh-Dagestani and Abkhazo-Circassian ethnolinguistic groups, as well as Turkic tribes such as the Karachays and the Balkars.

The Ossetians (Alans) formed as a nation in the Caucasian region and are the result of mixing Sarmatians with the native North Caucasian (Ossetian) population. According to Y-haplogroup, Alans are the descendants of Native Ossetian-Caucasian population and According to MtDNA Alano-Ossetians are the descendants of Sarmatians. This is also suggested by their language, which has both North Caucasian and Iranian influence, therefore Ossetians-Alans are the Iranian speaking Caucasian people and their formation as an ethnic group happened between I-lV centuries.

According to this study, Ossetians are more related to Georgians (60-70%) than to most other Caucasian ethnic groups.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

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ببليوجرافيا

للاستزادة

  • Chaudhri, Anna (2003). "The Ossetic Oral Narrative Tradition: Fairy Tales in the Context of other Forms of Oral Literature". In Davidson, Hilda Ellis; Chaudhri, Anna (eds.). A Companion to the Fairy Tale. Rochester, New York: D. S. Brewer. pp. 202–216.
مجموعات الحكايات الشعبية
  • Munkácsi, Bernhard. Blüten der ossetischen Volksdichtung. Otto Harrassowitz, 1932. (in German)
  • Осетинские народные сказки [Ossetian Folk Tales]. Запись текстов, перевод, предисловие и примечания Г. А. Дзагурова [ ru (Grigory A. Dzagurov) ]. Мoskva: Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука», 1973. (in Russian)
  • Byazyrov, A. (1978) [1960]. Осетинские народные сказки [Ossetian Folk Tales]. Tskhinvali: Ирыстон.
  • Arys-Djanaïéva, Lora; Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. Contes Populaires Ossètes (Caucase Central). Paris: L'Harmattan, 2010. ISBN 978-2-296-13332-7 (In French)

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Ethnic groups in Georgia

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