مونتري
مونتيريْ (Monterrey؛ النطق الإسپاني: [monteˈrei])[2] هي مدينة تقع في الشمال الشرقي للمكسيك، وهي عاصمة ولاية نويڤو ليون. تشكل تجمع حضري مع عدة مدن وقرى مجاورة ويعتبر ثاني أكبر مدينة في المكسيك بعد مدينة مكسيكو.[1] Located at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area, the second-largest in Mexico with an estimated population of 5,341,171 people as of 2020 and the second most productive metropolitan area in Mexico with a GDP (PPP) of US$140 billion in 2015.[3][4] According to the 2020 census, the city itself has a population of 1,142,194.[3]
مونتري
Monterrey | |
|---|---|
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| الكنية: سلطانة الشمال، مدينة الجبال | |
| الشعار: Work Tempers the Spirit | |
  مونتري Location of Monterrey within Mexico  مونتري مونتري (المكسيك)  مونتري مونتري (أمريكا الشمالية) | |
| الإحداثيات: 25°40′N 100°18′W / 25.667°N 100.300°W | |
| البلد |  المكسيك |
| الولاية | نويڤو ليون |
| تأسست | 20 سبتمبر 1596 |
| الحكومة | |
| • العمدة | Luis Donaldo Colosio Riojas .svg){kind=small} |
| المساحة | |
| • مدينة | 969٫70 كم² (374٫40 ميل²) |
| • العمران | 5٬346٫80 كم² (2٬064٫41 ميل²) |
| المنسوب | 540 m (1٬770 ft) |
| التعداد (2010) | |
| • مدينة | 1٬130٬960 |
| • الكثافة | 2٬532/km2 (6٬560/sq mi) |
| • العمرانية | 4٬520٬329 (2٬016)[بحاجة لمصدر] |
| • الكثافة العمرانية | 923/km2 (2٬390/sq mi) |
| • Demonym | Regiomontano(a) Regio(a) |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC−6 (CST.[1]) |
| • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC−5 (CDT[1]) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | (بالإسپانية) www |
.jpg&filetimestamp=20231020003741&)
.jpg&filetimestamp=20231020003718&)
Monterrey is one of the most livable cities in Mexico, and a 2018 study found that suburb San Pedro Garza García is the city with the best quality of life in Mexico.[5] It serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations. Its purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico's at around US$35,500, compared to the country's US$18,800.[6] It is considered a Beta World City,[7][8] cosmopolitan and competitive.[9] Rich in history and culture, it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico.[10]
As an important industrial and business center, the city is also home to many Mexican companies, including Arca Continental, Grupo Avante, Lanix Electronics, Ocresa, Cemex, Vitro, OXXO, FEMSA, DINA S.A., Gamesa, Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery, and Grupo ALFA.[11][12] Multiple international companies, including Cognizant, Siemens, Accenture, MSCI, Ternium, Sony, Toshiba, Carrier, Whirlpool, Samsung, Toyota, Babcock & Wilcox, Daewoo, British American Tobacco, Nokia, Dell, Boeing, HTC, General Electric, Johnson Controls, LG, SAS Institute, Grundfos, Danfoss, Qualfon and Teleperformance, also have regional offices in Monterrey.[13][14][15] مونتري تعرف بالعاصمة الصناعية للمكسيك.
The uninterrupted settlement of Monterrey was founded by Diego de Montemayor in 1596. In the years after the Mexican War of Independence, Monterrey became an important business center. With the establishment of Fundidora Monterrey, the city has experienced great industrial growth.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
التاريخ
Prehispanic history
Before the European foundation of the city, there was no established nation-state, and the population consisted of some indigenous semi-nomadic groups. Carved stone and cave painting in surrounding mountains and caves have allowed historians to identify four major groups in present-day Monterrey: Azalapas, Huachichiles, Coahuiltecos and Borrados.[16]
Foundation
In the 16th century, the valley in which Monterrey sits was known as the Extremadura Valley, an area largely unexplored by the Spanish colonizers. The first expeditions and colonization attempts were led by conquistador Alberto del Canto, who named the city Santa Lucia, but they were unsuccessful because the Spanish were attacked by the natives and fled. The Spanish expeditionary Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva negotiated with King Philip II of Spain to establish a territory in northern New Spain that would be called Nuevo León, the "New Kingdom of León". In 1580, he arrived in the newly granted lands but it was not until 1582 that he established a settlement called San Luis Rey de Francia (named for Saint Louis IX of France) within present-day Monterrey. The New Kingdom of León extended westward from the port of Tampico to the limits of Nueva Vizcaya ("New Biscay", now State of Chihuahua), and around 1,000 kilometers northward. For eight years Nuevo León was abandoned and uninhabited, until a third expedition of 13 families led by conquistador Diego de Montemayor founded Ciudad Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey ("Metropolitan City of Our Lady of Monterrey") on September 20, 1596, next to a water spring called Ojos de Agua de Santa Lucia, where the Museum of Mexican History and Santa Lucía riverwalk are now. The new city's name was chosen to honor the wife of Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey, ninth Viceroy of New Spain,[بحاجة لمصدر] and was thus indirectly named after the municipality of Monterrei in Galicia, Spain.
Monterrey's coat of arms shows an Indian throwing an arrow to the sun in front of Cerro de la Silla mountain. This represents a native ceremony performed at sunrise. During the years of Spanish rule, Monterrey remained a small city, and its population varied from a few hundred to only dozens. The city facilitated trade between San Antonio (now in Texas), Tampico and from Saltillo to the center of the country. Tampico's port brought many products from Europe, while Saltillo concentrated the Northern Territories' trade with the capital, Mexico City. San Antonio was the key trade point with the northern foreign colonies (British and French).[بحاجة لمصدر]
After Mexican Independence (19th century)
In the 19th century, after the Mexican Independence War, Monterrey rose as a key economic center for the newly formed nation, especially due to its balanced ties between Europe (with its connections to Tampico), the United States (with its connections to San Antonio), and the capital (through Saltillo). In 1824, the "New Kingdom of León" became the State of Nuevo León, and Monterrey was selected as its capital. But the political instability that followed the first 50 years of the new country allowed two American invasions and an internal secession war, during which the governor of the state annexed Coahuila and Tamaulipas states, designating Monterrey as the capital of the Republic of the Sierra Madre as it did before in 1840 for the Republic of the Rio Grande.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In 1846, the earliest large-scale engagement of the Mexican–American War took place in the city, known as the Battle of Monterrey. Mexican forces were forced to surrender but only after successfully repelling U.S. forces' first few advances on the city. The battle inflicted high casualties on both sides, much of them resulting from hand-to-hand combat within the walls of the city center. Many of the generals in the Mexican War against France were natives of the city, including Mariano Escobedo, Juan Zuazua (b. Lampazos de Naranjo, NL) and Jerónimo Treviño.[بحاجة لمصدر]
The brewery Cervecería Cuauhtémoc, one of the milestone local enterprises, was founded in 1890.
20th century
During the last decade of the 19th century, Monterrey was linked by railroad, which benefitted industry. It was during this period that José Eleuterio González founded the University Hospital, now one of northeast Mexico's best public hospitals, affiliated with the School of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL). Antonio Basagoiti and other citizens founded the Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey.[17]
A steel-producing company that accelerated the already fast industrialization of the city was founded in 1900 and became one of the world's biggest. In 1986, Monterrey hosted several games of the 1986 FIFA World Cup.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In 1988, Hurricane Gilbert caused great damage to the city; the Santa Catarina River overflowed, causing about 100 deaths and economic damage.[بحاجة لمصدر]
21st century
The city has hosted international events such as the 2002 United Nations Conference on Financing for Development with the participation of more than 50 heads of state and government, as well as other ministers and senior delegates from over 150 countries. The conference resulted in the adoption of the Monterrey Consensus, which has become a reference point for international development and cooperation. In 2004, the OAS Special Summit of the Americas was attended by almost all the presidents of the Americas.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In 2007, Monterrey held the Universal Forum of Cultures, with four million visitors. In 2008, Monterrey held the FINA World Junior Championships.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In 2010, Monterrey was hit by another damaging storm, Hurricane Alex which was considered worse than Hurricane Gilbert, with record-breaking rain bringing floods and causing severe economic damage. Damage estimates totaled US$1.885 billion and $16.9 billion MXN. Reconstruction and urban renewal ensued. Recently, the Nuevo León Development Plan 2030 was presented, along with some other metropolitan projects.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In August 2011 the city was the scene of a terror attack on a casino, in which more than 50 people were killed.[18]
In summer 2022, the area experienced a severe drought, and city water service was cut off for several weeks to some areas, and in others limited to six hours a day.[19] The city has three reservoirs; Cerro Prieto Reservoir dropped to 1% of its capacity, and La Boca Reservoir dropped to 8%.[20] El Cuchillo Reservoir remained at 30%, but limited aqueduct capacity led the government to announce in September 2022 a second aqueduct to connect it to Monterrey, with expected completion in July 2023.[20] Heavy rains replenished reservoirs in early September.[20] Controversy erupted over local bottling companies continuing to use well water to export beer and soft drinks during the crisis, though industry uses only 4% of water in Nuevo León, while residents use 25% and agriculture uses 71%.[20] In late September, the governor of Nuevo León declared the crisis over, but asked residents to voluntarily use no more than 100 liters per day.[21]
الجغرافيا
The city of Monterrey is 540 metres (1,770 ft) above sea level in the northeastern state of Nuevo León.[22] Monterrey translated from Spanish to English is "King Mount" or "King mountain", which refers to the city's topography and the large mountains that surround it. The Santa Catarina River—dry most of the year on the surface but with flowing underground water—bisects Monterrey from east to west, separating the city into north and south halves, and drains the city to the San Juan River and Rio Grande.
Monterrey is adjacent to San Nicolás de los Garza, García and General Escobedo to the north; Guadalupe, Juárez and Cadereyta Jiménez to the east; Santiago to the south; and San Pedro Garza García and Santa Catarina to the west. Their combined metropolitan population is over 4,080,329 people.[23]
Monterrey lies north of the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. A small hill, the Cerro del Topo, and the smaller Topo Chico are in the suburbs of San Nicolás de los Garza and Escobedo. West of the city rises the Cerro de las Mitras (Mountain of the Mitres), which resemble the profile of several bishops with their mitres.
Cerro de la Silla (Saddle Mountain) dominates the view at the east of the city and is considered a major symbol of the city. Cerro de la Loma Larga—South of the Santa Catarina river—separates Monterrey from the suburb of San Pedro Garza García. At the summit of the Cerro del Obispado, north of the river, is the historic Bishopric Palace, site of one of the most important battles of the Mexican–American War.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
المناطق الطبيعية
The mountains surrounding Monterrey contain many canyons, trails and roads that cross deserts and forests and suitable trails are available to the general public. The Sierra Madre Oriental mountains south of the city are included in the "Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey" (National Park), which was added to UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program of Biosphere Reserves in 2006.[24]
Cumbres de Monterrey includes:
- Parque Ecológico Chipinque,[25] which contains forested areas (oak and oak-pine mainly).[26][27][28]
- La Estanzuela state park, about 7 km (4 mi) south of Monterrey, a river and forested area.[29]
- La Huasteca, west of the city, in the municipality of Santa Catarina.
- El Potrero Chico Climbing Area, north east of the city, in the municipality of Hidalgo.
- Garcia Caves – these caves are situated in Garcia, Nuevo Leon and were discovered in 1843. Inside you can see amazing stalagmites formations and snail fossils.[30]
- Matacanes – can be found in the municipality of Potrero Redondo in Santiago, Nuevo Leon. It is a 10 hrs walking tour in which you can find rappel descents, underground rivers, waterfalls, among other obstacles.[31]
- Hydrophobia Canyon – similar to Matacanes with the only difference this is a 100% aquatic area.[32]
- Cascade Cola de Caballo – a spectacular waterfall in Santiago Nuevo Leon, formed by water that runs down from the mountains of nearby Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey, impressive rock formations and sprawling forests.
المناخ
Monterrey has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). Being inland at a modest elevation, it is one of the warmest major cities in Mexico.[33] Summers are generally hot, spring and fall temperate, and winters mild, with temperatures rarely below freezing.[34] The average high in August is 36 °C (97 °F) and the average low is 24 °C (75 °F). The average January high is 22 °C (72 °F) and the average low in January is 10 °C (50 °F). Rainfall is scarce in winter, but more frequent during May through September.
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 38.0 (100.4) |
39.5 (103.1) |
43.0 (109.4) |
48.0 (118.4) |
46.0 (114.8) |
45.0 (113) |
41.5 (106.7) |
42.5 (108.5) |
41.0 (105.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
48٫0 (118٫4) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 20.7 (69.3) |
23.2 (73.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
30.0 (86) |
32.2 (90) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
28٫4 (83٫1) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 14.4 (57.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.0 (68) |
23.4 (74.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
22٫3 (72٫1) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 8.2 (46.8) |
10.0 (50) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
17.2 (63) |
12.7 (54.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
16٫3 (61٫3) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −7.0 (19) |
−7.0 (19) |
−1.0 (30) |
5.0 (41) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.2 (54) |
2.0 (35.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−5.0 (23) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−7٫5 (18٫5) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 16.6 (0.654) |
16.5 (0.65) |
19.9 (0.783) |
29.7 (1.169) |
52.3 (2.059) |
68.4 (2.693) |
43.0 (1.693) |
81.6 (3.213) |
150.6 (5.929) |
75.1 (2.957) |
23.0 (0.906) |
14.1 (0.555) |
590٫8 (23٫26) |
| % Humidity | 67 | 64 | 58 | 61 | 66 | 66 | 63 | 63 | 69 | 71 | 68 | 69 | 65 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 3.9 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 59٫7 |
| Avg. snowy days | 0.03 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0٫03 |
| Sunshine hours | 142 | 154 | 195 | 193 | 192 | 206 | 249 | 242 | 200 | 170 | 163 | 133 | 2٬239 |
| Source #1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (extremes 1929–2010, humidity 1981–2000)[35][36][37] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Colegio de Postgraduados (snowy days 1951–1980),[38] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[39][أ] | |||||||||||||
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
أفق المدينة
السكان
| Monterrey population by year | |
| 1798 | 7,000 |
| 1833 | 13,645 |
| 1846 | 15,000 |
| 1852 | 13,534 |
| 1862 | 14,534 |
| 1869 | 14,000 |
| 1881 | 40,000 |
| 1890 | 41,700 |
| 1900 | 62,266 |
| 1910 | 78,528 |
| 1921 | 88,479 |
| 1930 | 132,577 |
| 1940 | 206,152 |
| 1950 | 375,040 |
| 1960 | 708,399 |
| 1970 | 1,246,181 |
| 1990 | 2,213,711 |
| 1995 | 2,516,658 |
| 2006 | 3,864,331 |
| 2010 | 4,080,329 |
| 2014 | 4,570,577[بحاجة لمصدر] |
| *Note: Figures from 1970 to 2010, include
municipalities of Monterrey metropolitan area | |
| References:[40][41][42][43][44] | |
According to the national INEGI population census of 2010, of the total population of the state of Nuevo León, 87.3% lived in the Monterrey metropolitan area.[40][41][42][43][44]
The Monterrey metropolitan area is the third most populous city in Mexico with more than 4 million. It is composed of the adjoined municipalities of Monterrey, Apodaca, Escobedo, García, Guadalupe, Santiago, Juárez, San Nicolás de los Garza, San Pedro Garza García, and Santa Catarina.[45]
البنية التحتية
- See also articles in the category: Transportation in Monterrey
الاقتصاد
Monterrey is a major industrial center in northern Mexico, with a GDP (PPP) of US$140 billion and a GDP (PPP) per capita of US$31,900 in 2015.[4] The city was rated by Fortune magazine in 1999 as the best city in Latin America for business and is currently ranked third best by the América Economía magazine.[46]
The city has prominent positions in sectors such as steel, cement, glass, auto parts, and brewing. The city's economic wealth has been attributed in part to its proximity to the United States-Mexico border and economic links to the United States.[46][47]
Industrialization was accelerated in the mid-19th century by the Compañia Fundidora de Fierro y Acero Monterrey, a steel-processing company.[48] Today, Monterrey is home to transnational conglomerates such as Cemex (the world's third largest cement company),[49] FEMSA (Coca-Cola Latin America, largest independent Coca-Cola bottler in the world), Alfa (petrochemicals, food, telecommunications and auto parts), Axtel (telecommunications), Vitro (glass), Selther (leading mattress and rest systems firm in Latin America), Gruma (food), and Banorte (financial services). The FEMSA corporation owned a large brewery, the Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery (Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma) that produces the brands Sol, Tecate, Indio, Dos Equis and Carta Blanca among others, in the beginning of the year Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery was sold to Dutch-based company Heineken. By the end of the same year, there were more than 13,000 manufacturing companies, 55,000 retail stores, and more than 52,000 service firms in Monterrey.[50]
The metals sector, dominated by iron and steel, accounted for 6 percent of manufacturing GNP in 1994.[51] Mexico's steel industry is centered in Monterrey, where the country's first steel mills opened in 1903. Steel processing plants in Monterrey, privatized in 1986, accounted for about half of Mexico's total steel output in the early 1990s.[51]
Monterrey was ranked 94th worldwide and fifth in Latin America in terms of Quality of Life according to Mercer Human Resource Consulting (2006),[52] and was ranked second in 2005 and fourth in 2006, according to América Economía.
Some of the shopping malls in the city include Paseo San Pedro, Paseo La Fe, Plaza Fiesta San Agustín, Galerías Monterrey, and Galerías Valle Oriente.
In March 2023, Tesla announced that it would build a new gigafactory—Gigafactory Mexico—near Monterrey. The factory will be a ~US$10 billion dollar investment, and will employ thousands of workers when fully operational, as well as employ many thousands of workers during construction.[53]
البلدات التوأم – المدن الشقيقة
مونتري متوأمة معه:
برشلونة، اسبانيا (1992)[54]
بيت لحم، فلسطين (1999)[54]- بلباو، اسبانيا (1993)[54]
كيپ تاون، جنوب أفريقيا (2016)
كونسپسيون، تشيلى (1997)
دلاس، الولايات المتحدة (1992)[54][55]
مدينة گواتيمالا، گواتيمالا (1998)[54]
هاملتون، كندا (1993)[54][56]
إياشي، رومانيا (1993)[54]- مكالن، الولايات المتحدة (1999)[54][55]
مدايين، كولومبيا (1996)[54]- مونتري، إسبانيا (1999)[54]
أولونگاپو، الفلپين (1993)- أورلاندو، الولايات المتحدة (2002)[54][55]
روزاريو، الأرجنتين[57]- سان أنطونيو، الولايات المتحدة (1992)[54][55]
سان سلڤادور، السلڤادور (1996)[54]
شنيانگ، الصين (2015)
سورابايا، إندونيسيا (2001)[54]
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت "Ubicación Geográfica". Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
- ^ أ ب "Área Metropolitana de Monterrey, la segunda más poblada de México". January 25, 2021. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
- ^ أ ب Parilla, Jesus Leal Trujillo and Joseph (2016-09-29). "Redefining Global Cities". Brookings (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
- ^ "Las 10 ciudades de México con mejor calidad de vida". August 22, 2018. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
- ^ "Global MetroMonitor | Brookings Institution". Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
- ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010". Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
- ^ "Hot spots - Benchmarking global city competitiveness" (PDF). The Economist. January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
- ^ Joseph Contreras (March 16, 2009). In the Shadow of the Giant: The Americanization of Modern Mexico. Rutgers University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-8135-4482-3. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ^ Rovelo, Carlos A. (2002). "Breeding success in Monterrey: Mexico's industrial powerhouse provides an end market for many secondary commodities – 2002 Latin-American Markets Supplement". BNET. Archived from the original on November 9, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ "Beer Me! – Cervecería Cuauhtémoc-Moctezuma – Monterrey, Nuevo León, México". beerme.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ "NAI Mexico Study" (PDF). NAI Mexico. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
- ^ Trostel, Albert; Light, Andrew (2000). "Carrier Mexico S.A. de C.V.". Journal of Business Research. 50: 97–110. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(98)00111-8.
- ^ "Teleperformance Mexico S.A. de C.V." Monterrey, Mexico: goliath.ecnext.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ "Historia – Nuevo León". e-local.gob.mx. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ "Parque Fundidora". www.parquefundidora.org. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013.
- ^ "52 killed in attack at Mexican casino". CNN (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
- ^ "A water crisis restricts usage to 6 hours a day in one of Mexico's largest cities". NPR. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Jens Gould (September 6, 2022). "Mexico builds aqueduct for dry industrial hub". Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
- ^ "Nuevo Leon governor says state's drought emergency is over". September 26, 2022. Archived from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
- ^ "Peaks and bodies of water". Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León, México. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
- ^ "Sistema para la Consulta del CEM Monterrey, Nuevo León, Edición 2006 – Aspectos Geográficos (spanish)". INEGI. 2006. Archived from the original (XLS) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ "Ecological Sciences | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Unesco.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "Chipinque Ecological Park website". Archived from the original on May 16, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2006.
- ^ "ฝาก 20 รับ 50 ถอนไม่อั้น" (PDF). Archived from the original on December 1, 2007.
- ^ "Siguen en defensa de La Huasteca". El Porvenir. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "Realizarán protestas ciudadanas contra Valle de Reyes". El Porvenir. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "La Estanzuela Parque Natural". Naba.org. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "Monterrey attractions". Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
- ^ "Matacanes – Adventure Travel – MEXICO & Canyoneering". Archived from the original on February 15, 2015.
- ^ "Matacanes – Adventure Travel – MEXICO & Canyoneering". Archived from the original on February 15, 2015.
- ^ "National and Local Weather Forecast, Hurricane, Radar and Report". Weather.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "Monterrey, Nuevo León Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- ^ "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Normales climatológicas 1951–2010, Estado: Nuevo León, Estación: Monterrey (DGE)" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteológico Nacional. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000" (PDF) (in Spanish). Comision Nacional Del Agua. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Monterrey (DGE) 1929–2001" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico National. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Normales climatológicas para Monterrey, Nuevo Leon" (in Spanish). Colegio de Postgraduados. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Station 76393: Monterrey". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ^ أ ب "Sistema para la Consulta del CEM Monterrey, Nuevo León, Edición 2006 – Población (Spanish)". INEGI. 2006. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2013-10-19. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ أ ب 1746, Farnham, Thomas J. Mexico: Its Geography, its people and its institutions. New York, 1846; Mexico: The Country, History and People. London, 1863.
- ^ أ ب 1862 a/ – Durán, Rafael. "Memorias sobre el censo de la República", en Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística. México, 1862.
- ^ أ ب 1900 a 1940 – Censos Generales de Población.
- ^ أ ب 1995 – INEGI. Conteo de Población y Vivienda, 1995.
- ^ "Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México" (PDF). Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ أ ب "Business Opportunities in Monterrey – U.S. Commercial Service Mexico". buyusa.gov. Archived from the original on June 4, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ Day, Paul (July 1, 2000). "Monterrey: In Mexico, the North Star shines : Mexico Business". Mexconnect.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- ^ "Fundidora Monterrey Blast Furnaces – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ "RMC takeover would transform Cemex into 20 million+ yd. U.S. ready mixed gigante". cementamericas.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ "Monterrey, Mexico". May 6, 2006. Archived from the original on May 6, 2006. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- ^ أ ب "Mexico - Industry". Country-data.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- ^ "Mercer Human Resource Consulting (2006)". Mercerhr.com.pr. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ "New Tesla Gigafactory Marks Mexico's Manufacturing Golden Moment". Bloomberg. 7 March 2023. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص "Nuevo León". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (in الإسبانية). Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- ^ أ ب ت ث "Monterrey, Mexico". Sister Cities International. Washington DC, USA. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- ^ "Registro de los acuerdos interinstitucionales de los gobiernos locales de Mexico" (PDF) (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico: Sectretaria de Relaciones Exteriores. 5 October 1993. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Town Twinning Agreements". Municipalidad de Rosario - Buenos Aires 711. Retrieved 2014-10-14.
الملاحظات
- ^ Station ID for Monterrey is 76393 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration