المعرفة

ليفربول

(تم التحويل من Liverpool)
هذا المقال هو عن the city in England. إذا كنت تريد the football club، انظر Liverpool F.C.. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر Liverpool (disambiguation).

ليفربول (بالانجليزية: Liverpool) هي مدينة تقع في شمال غرب إنجلترا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 440,000 نسمة (2001 م)توجد فيها جامعة ليفربول .

ليڤرپول
Liverpool
City and metropolitan borough
Top: Pier Head and the Mersey Ferry Middle: St George's Hall, the Metropolitan Cathedral and the Anglican Cathedral Bottom: the Georgian Quarter and Prince's Dock
Top: Pier Head and the Mersey Ferry
Middle: St George's Hall, the Metropolitan Cathedral and the Anglican Cathedral
Bottom: the Georgian Quarter and Prince's Dock
درع ليڤرپول
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
  • The Capital City of North Wales[1]
  • The Second Capital of Ireland[2]
  • The World Capital of Pop[3]
  • The World in One City[4]
الشعار: 
Deus Nobis Haec Otia Fecit ("God has granted us this ease")[5]
Location within Merseyside
Location within Merseyside
ليڤرپول is located in إنگلترة
ليڤرپول
ليڤرپول
Location within England
ليڤرپول is located in المملكة المتحدة
ليڤرپول
ليڤرپول
Location within the United Kingdom
ليڤرپول is located in أوروپا
ليڤرپول
ليڤرپول
Location within Europe
الإحداثيات: 53°24′27″N 02°59′31″W / 53.40750°N 2.99194°W / 53.40750; -2.99194Coordinates: 53°24′27″N 02°59′31″W / 53.40750°N 2.99194°W / 53.40750; -2.99194
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionNorth West England
City regionLiverpool
Metropolitan and ceremonial countyMerseyside
Historic countyLancashire
Founded1207
City Status1880
Administrative HQLiverpool Town Hall
الحكومة
 • النوعMetropolitan borough
 • الكيانLiverpool City Council
 • LeadershipMayor and Cabinet
 • Executive 
 • MayorJoanne Anderson
 • Lord MayorMary Rasmussen
 • Chief ExecutiveTony Reeves
المساحة
 • City43٫2 ميل² (111٫8 كم²)
 • الحضر
77٫1 ميل² (199٫6 كم²)
ترتيب المساحة[[List of English districts by area|]]
المنسوب
230 ft (70 m)
التعداد
 (2008 تق.)
 • City465٬700
 • الترتيب9th
 • الكثافة11٬528/sq mi (4٬164/km2)
 • Urban
864٬122 (6th)
 • الكثافة الحضرية11٬210/sq mi (4٬329/km2)
 • العمرانية
2٬241٬000 (5th)
 • Ethnicity (2021)[6]
 • Religion (2021)[7]
صفة المواطنLiverpudlian
Scouser
منطقة التوقيتUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)
Postcode area
L
Dialling code0151
ISO 3166 codeGB-LIV
GSS codeE08000012
NUTS 3 codeUKD72
ONS code00BY
OS grid referenceSJ3490
MotorwaysM62
Major railway stationsLiverpool Central (B)
Liverpool Lime Street (A/D)
Liverpool Moorfields (D)
Liverpool James Street (E)
International airportsLiverpool John Lennon (LPL)
GDP£51.5 billion[8]
– Per capita£25,143[8]
Councillors90
MPsMaria Eagle (Labour)
Kim Johnson (Labour)
Dan Carden (Labour)
Paula Barker (Labour)
Ian Byrne (Labour)
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.liverpool.gov.uk
Former Invalid designation
الاسم الرسميLiverpool – Maritime Mercantile City
المعيارثقافي: (ii), (iii), (iv)
التوصيف2004 (18th session)
الرقم المرجعي1150
RegionEurope and North America
Delisted2021 (44th session)


On the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the county of Lancashire.[9][10] It became a borough in 1207, a city in 1880, and a county borough independent of the newly-created Lancashire County Council in 1889. Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, and raw materials such as coal and cotton, merchants were involved in the slave trade. In the 19th century, Liverpool was a major port of departure for English and Irish emigrants to North America. It was also home to both the Cunard and White Star Lines, and was the port of registry of the ocean liners RMS Titanic, RMS Lusitania, RMS Queen Mary,RMS Queen Elizabeth and RMS Olympic.

In 2019, Liverpool was the fifth most visited UK city.[11] It is noted for its culture, architecture, and transport links. The city is closely associated with the arts, especially music; the popularity of the Beatles, widely regarded as the most influential band of all time, led to it becoming a tourist destination.[12] Liverpool has continued to be the home of numerous notable musicians and record labels—musicians from the city have released 56 No. 1 hit singles, more than any other city in the world.[13][14] The city also has a long-standing reputation for producing countless actors and actresses, artists, athletes, comedians, journalists, novelists, and poets. Liverpool has the second highest number of art galleries, national museums, listed buildings, and listed parks in the UK; only the capital, London, has more.[15] The former Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock and William Brown Street.[16] In sport, the city is best known for being the home of Premier League football teams Liverpool FC and Everton FC, with matches between the two rivals being known as the Merseyside derby. The annual Grand National horse race takes place at Aintree Racecourse.

Several areas of Liverpool city centre carried World Heritage Site status from 2004 until 2021; the city's vast collection of parks and open spaces has been described as the "most important in the country" by England's Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest.[17] Its status as a port city historically attracted a diverse population from a wide range of cultures, primarily Ireland, Norway, and Wales. It is also home to the oldest black community in the UK and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.

Natives of Liverpool (and some longtime residents from elsewhere) are formally referred to as "Liverpudlians" but are usually called "Scousers" in reference to scouse, a local stew made popular by sailors in the city; "Scouse" is also the most common name for the Liverpool accent and dialect. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007 and was named the 2008 European Capital of Culture, which it shared with the Norwegian city of Stavanger,[18] and its status as the European Capital of Culture has been credited with kickstarting its economic renaissance.[19]

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أصل الاسم

The name comes from the Old English lifer, meaning thick or muddy water, and pōl, meaning a pool or creek, and is first recorded around 1190 as Liuerpul.[20][21] According to the Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, "The original reference was to a pool or tidal creek now filled up into which two streams drained".[22] The place appearing as Leyrpole, in a legal record of 1418, may also refer to Liverpool.[23] Other origins of the name have been suggested, including "elverpool", a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.[24] The adjective "Liverpudlian" was first recorded in 1833.[21]

Although the Old English origin of the name Liverpool is beyond dispute, claims are sometimes made that the name Liverpool is of Welsh origin, but these are without foundation. The Welsh name for Liverpool is Lerpwl, from a former English local form Leerpool. This is a reduction of the form "Leverpool" with the loss of the intervocalic [v] (seen in other English names and words e.g. Daventry (Northamptonshire) > Danetry, never-do-well > ne’er-do-well).

In the nineteenth century, some Welsh publications used the name "Lle'r Pwll" ("(the) place (of) the pool"), a reinterpretation of Lerpwl, probably in the belief that "Lle'r Pwll" was the original form.

Another name, which is widely known even today, is Llynlleifiad, again a nineteenth-century coining. "Llyn" is pool, but "lleifiad" has no obvious meaning. Professor G. Melville Richards (1910–1973), a pioneer of scientific toponymy in Wales, in "Place Names of North Wales",[25] does not attempt to explain it beyond noting that "lleifiad" is used as a Welsh equivalent of "Liver".

A derivative form of a learned borrowing into Welsh (*llaf) of Latin lāma (slough, bog, fen) to give "lleifiad" is possible, but unproven.


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ ليڤرپول and خط زمني لليڤرپول
 
ليڤرپول في 1680, the earliest known image of Liverpool


King John's letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool.[26] By the middle of the 16th century, the population was still around 500. The original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape: Bank Street (now Water Street), Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street (now High Street), Moor Street (now Tithebarn Street) and Whiteacre Street (now Old Hall Street).

In the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for control of the town were waged during the English Civil War, including a brief siege in 1644.[27] In 1699, the same year as its first recorded slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa,[28] Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, although arguably the legislation of 1695 that reformed the Liverpool council was of more significance to its subsequent development.[29] Since Roman times, the nearby city of Chester on the River Dee had been the region's principal port on the Irish Sea. However, as the Dee began to silt up, maritime trade from Chester became increasingly difficult and shifted towards Liverpool on the neighbouring River Mersey.

As trade from the West Indies, including sugar, surpassed that of Ireland and Europe, and as the River Dee continued to silt up, Liverpool began to grow with increasing rapidity. The first commercial wet dock was built in Liverpool in 1715.[30][31] Substantial profits from the slave trade and tobacco helped the town to prosper and rapidly grow, although several prominent local men, including William Rathbone, William Roscoe and Edward Rushton, were at the forefront of the local abolitionist movement.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الحكم

City Council and MPs

Liverpool City Council Elections

المقالة الرئيسية: Liverpool City Council elections

For local elections the city is split into 30 local council wards,[32] which in alphabetical order are:

  1. Allerton and Hunts Cross
  2. Anfield
  3. Belle Vale
  4. Central
  5. Childwall
  6. Church
  7. Clubmoor
  8. County
  9. Cressington
  10. Croxteth
  11. Everton
  12. Fazakerley
  13. Greenbank
  14. Kensington and Fairfield
  15. Kirkdale
  
  1. Knotty Ash
  2. Mossley Hill
  3. Norris Green
  4. Old Swan
  5. Picton
  6. Princes Park
  7. Riverside
  8. Speke-Garston
  9. St Michaels
  10. Tuebrook and Stoneycroft
  11. Warbreck
  12. Wavertree
  13. West Derby
  14. Woolton
  15. Yew Tree

During the local elections held in May 2011, the Labour Party consolidated its control of Liverpool City Council, following on from regaining power for the first time in 12 years, during the previous elections in May 2010.[33] The Labour Party gained 11 seats during the election, taking their total to 62 seats, compared with the 22 held by the Liberal Democrats. Of the remaining seats, the Liberal Party won three and the Green Party claimed two. The Conservative Party, one of the three major political parties in the UK had no representation on Liverpool City Council.[33][34]

الدوائر البرلمانية وأعضاء البرلمان

انظر أيضاً: List of Parliamentary constituencies on Merseyside

Liverpool has four parliamentary constituencies entirely within the city, through which MPs are elected to represent the city in Westminster: Liverpool Riverside, Liverpool Walton, Liverpool Wavertree and Liverpool West Derby.[35] At the last general election, all were won by Labour with representation being from Kim Johnson, Dan Carden, Paula Barker and Ian Byrne respectively.[36] Due to boundary changes prior to the 2010 election, the Liverpool Garston constituency was merged with most of Knowsley South to form the Garston and Halewood cross-boundary seat. At the most 2019 election this seat was won by Maria Eagle of the Labour Party.[36]

الجغرافيا

المناخ

المقالة الرئيسية: مناخ ليڤرپول

Liverpool experiences a temperate maritime climate (Köppen: Cfb), like much of the British Isles, with relatively mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Rainfall and Temperature records have been kept at Bidston since 1867, but records for atmospheric pressure go back as far as at least 1846.[37] Bidston closed down in 2002 but the Met Office also has a weather station at Crosby. Since records began in 1867, temperatures have ranged from −17.6 °C (0.3 °F) on 21 December 2010 to 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) on 2 August 1990, although Liverpool Airport recorded a temperature of 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) on 19 July 2006.[38]

قالب:Liverpool weatherbox


الاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد ليڤرپول
 
Apartment buildings within Liverpool's new commercial district

The economy of Liverpool is one of the largest within the United Kingdom, sitting at the centre of one of the two core economies within the North West of England.[39] In 2006, the city's GVA was £7,626 million, providing a per capita figure of £17,489, which was above the North West average.[40] Liverpool's economy has seen strong growth since the mid-1990s, with its GVA increasing 71.8% between 1995 and 2006 and employment increasing 12% between 1998 and 2006.[40] GDP per capita was estimated to stand at $32,121 in 2014, and total GDP at $65.8 billion.[41]

In common with much of the rest of the UK today, Liverpool's economy is dominated by service sector industries, both public and private. In 2007, over 60% of all employment in the city was in the public administration, education, health, banking, finance and insurance sectors.[40] Over recent years there has also been significant growth in the knowledge economy of Liverpool with the establishment of the Liverpool Knowledge Quarter in sectors such as media and life sciences.[42] Liverpool's rich architectural base has also helped the city become the second most filmed city in the UK outside London,[43] including doubling for Chicago, London, Moscow, New York, Paris and Rome.[44][45]

 
Liverpool One has helped move the city into the top five retail destinations in the UK.

Another important component of Liverpool's economy are the tourism and leisure sectors. Liverpool is the sixth most visited UK city[46] and one of the 100 most visited cities in the world by international tourists.[47] In 2008, during the city's European Capital of Culture celebrations, overnight visitors brought £188m into the local economy,[46] while tourism as a whole is worth approximately £1.3bn a year to Liverpool.[45] The city's new cruise liner terminal, which is situated close to the Pier Head, also makes Liverpool one of the few places in the world where cruise ships are able to berth right in the centre of the city.[48] Other recent developments in Liverpool such as the Echo Arena and Liverpool One have made Liverpool an important leisure centre with the latter helping to lift Liverpool into the top five retail destinations in the UK.[49]

 
The Range Rover Evoque is manufactured at Jaguar Land Rover Halewood.

Historically, the economy of Liverpool was centred on the city's port and manufacturing base, although a smaller proportion of total employment is today derived from the port.[40] Nonetheless the city remains one of the most important ports in the United Kingdom, handling over 32.2m tonnes of cargo in 2008.[50] A new multimillion-pound expansion to the Port of Liverpool, Liverpool2, is scheduled to be operational from the end of 2015, and is projected to greatly increase the volume of cargo which Liverpool is able to handle.[51] Liverpool is also home to the UK headquarters of many shipping lines including Japanese firm NYK and Danish firm Maersk Line, whilst shipping firm Atlantic Container Line has recently invested significant amounts in expanding its Liverpool operations, with a new headquarters currently under construction.[52][53][54] Future plans to redevelop the city's northern dock system, in a project known as Liverpool Waters, could see £5.5bn invested in the city over the next 50 years, creating 17,000 new jobs.[55]

Car manufacturing also takes place in the city at the Jaguar Land Rover Halewood plant where the Range Rover Evoque model is assembled. In 2016 it was reported that The Beatles contribute £82 million a year to Liverpool's economy and help sustain 2,335 jobs.[56][57][58][59][60]


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المعالم

 
Liverpool's skyline, as seen from the River Mersey. The Liver Building on the left
 
The Parish Church of St. Nicholas and the Atlantic Tower hotel near Pier Head. The Atlantic Tower was designed to resemble the prow of a ship to reflect Liverpool's maritime history
 
Liverpool's inner city has Georgian terraced streets
 
Liverpool's docks, facing the 'Three Graces'


الأحواض المائية والمتاحف

أماكن العبادة

النقل

ليدز ليفربول والقناة

النقل الجوى

 
Liverpool John Lennon Airport entrance

ميناء

 
Port of Liverpool Building


السكك الحديدية

 
Liverpool Lime Street Station


الثقافة

 
Liverpool European Capital of Culture 2008 flag, flying in front of the Port of Liverpool Building
 
SuperLambBanana, a well-known sculpture in the Albert Dock area, recently relocated to Tithebarn Street
 
Albert Docks, home to the Tate Liverpool


التعليم

 
University of Liverpool's Victoria Building tower



الرياضة

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كرة القدم

 
The Merseyside derby is the football match between the two biggest clubs in the city, Liverpool in red and Everton in blue.

Liverpool is one of the most successful footballing cities in England, and is home to two top flight Premier League teams. Everton F.C. was founded in 1878 and play at Goodison Park and Liverpool F.C. were founded in 1892 and play at Anfield. Between them, the clubs have won 28 English First Division titles, 12 FA Cup titles, 10 League Cup titles, 6 European Cup titles, 1 FIFA Club World Cup title, 1 European Cup Winners' Cup title, 3 UEFA Cup titles, and 24 FA Charity Shields.

The two clubs contest the Merseyside derby, dubbed the 'friendly derby'. Despite the name the fixture is known for its keen rivalry, having seen more sending-offs in this fixture than any other. Unlike many other derbies it is not rare for families in the city to contain supporters of both clubs.[61] Liverpool F.C. is the English and British club with the most European Cup titles with six, the latest in 2019.

 
Anfield, home of Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool has played at Anfield since 1892, when the club was formed to occupy the stadium following Everton's departure due to a dispute with their landlord. Liverpool are still playing there 125 years later, although the ground has been completely rebuilt since the 1970s. The Spion Kop (rebuilt as an all-seater stand in 1994–95) was the most famous part of the ground, gaining cult status across the world due to the songs and celebrations of the many fans who packed onto its terraces. Anfield is classified as a 4 Star UEFA Elite Stadium with capacity for 54,000 spectators in comfort and is a distinctive landmark in an area filled with smaller and older buildings. Liverpool club also has a multimillion-pound youth training facility called The Academy.

 
Goodison Park, home of Everton F.C.

After leaving Anfield in 1892, Everton moved to Goodison Park on the opposite side of Stanley Park. The ground was opened on 24 August 1892, by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the FA but the first crowds to attend the ground saw a short athletics meeting followed by a selection of music and a fireworks display. Everton's first game there was on 2 September 1892 when they beat Bolton 4–2. It now has the capacity for just under 40,000 spectators all-seated, but the last expansion took place in 1994 when a new goal-end stand gave the stadium an all-seater capacity. The Main Stand dates back to the 1970s, while the other two stands are refurbished pre-Second World War structures.

Everton is currently in the process of relocating, with a stadium move mooted as early as 1996.[62] In 2003, the club were forced to abandon plans for a 55,000-seat stadium at King's Dock due to financial constraints,[63] with further proposed moves to Kirkby (comprising part of Destination Kirkby, moving the stadium just beyond Liverpool's council boundary into Kirkby) and Walton Hall Park similarly scrapped. The latest plan is a move to nearby Bramley-Moore Dock on Liverpool's waterfront, with ground broken on the project in August 2021.[64]

وسائل الاعلام

 
BBC Big Screen

المشاهير

الصلات الدولية

احياء

الدوائر البرلمانية والنواب

قالوا عن ليڤرپول

قالب:Copy to Wikiquote

  • "Lyrpole, alias Lyverpoole, a pavid towne, hath but a chapel ... The king hath a castelet there, and the Earl of Darbe hath a stone howse there. Irisch merchants cum much thither, as to a good haven ... At Lyrpole is smaul custom payed, that causith marchantes to resorte thither. Good marchandis at Lyrpole, and much Irish yarrn that Manchester men do buy there ..." – John Leland, Itinerary, c. 1536–1539[65]
  • "Liverpoole is one of the wonders of Britain ... In a word, there is no town in England, London excepted, that can equal [it] for the fineness of the streets, and the beauty of the buildings." – Daniel Defoe, A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, 1721–1726
  • "[O]ne of the neatest, best towns I have seen in England." – John Wesley. Journal, 1755
  • "I have not come here to be insulted by a set of wretches, every brick in whose infernal town is cemented with an African's blood." – George Frederick Cooke (1756–1812), an actor responding to being hissed at when he came onstage drunk during a visit to Liverpool[66]
  • "That immense City which stands like another Venice upon the water ... where there are riches overflowing and every thing which can delight a man who wishes to see the prosperity of a great community and a great empire ... This quondam village, now fit to be the proud capital of any empire in the world, has started up like an enchanted palace even in the memory of living men." – Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine, 1791
  • "I have heard of the greatness of Liverpool, but the reality far surpasses my expectation." – Prince Albert, speech, 1846
  • "Liverpool ... has become a wonder of the world. It is the New York of Europe, a world city rather than merely British provincial." – Illustrated London News, 15 May 1886
  • "The dream represented my situation at the time. I can still see the greyish-yellow raincoats, glistening with the wetness of the rain. Everything was extremely unpleasant, black and opaque – just as I felt then. But I had a vision of unearthly beauty, and that is why I was able to live at all. Liverpool is the “pool of life.” The “liver,” according to an old view, is the seat of life, that which makes to live." – C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, 1928
  • "The centre is imposing, dignified and darkish, like a city in a rather gloomy Victorian novel ... We had now arrived in the heart of the big city, and as usual it was almost a heart of darkness. But it looked like a big city, there was no denying that. Here, emphatically, was the English seaport second only to London. The very weight of stone emphasised that fact. And even if the sun never seems to properly rise over it, I like a big city to proclaim itself a big city at once..." – J. B. Priestley, English Journey, 1934
  • "If Liverpool can get into top gear again, there is no limit to the city's potential. The scale and resilience of the buildings and people is amazing – it is a world city, far more so than London and Manchester. It doesn't feel like anywhere else in Lancashire: comparisons always end up overseas – Dublin, or Boston, or Hamburg. The city is tremendous, and so, right up to the First World War, were the abilities of the architects who built over it. The centre is humane and convenient to walk around in, but never loses its scale. And, in spite of the bombings and the carelessness, it is still full of superb buildings. Fifty years ago it must have outdone anything in England." – Ian Nairn, Britain's Changing Towns, 1967

الصلات الدولية

المدن التوأم

Liverpool is twinned[67] with:

صلات الصداقة

Liverpool has friendship links (without formal constitution)[68] with the following cities:

القنصليات

The first overseas consulate of the United States was opened in Liverpool in 1790, and it remained operational for almost two centuries.[69] Today, a large number of consulates are located in the city serving تشيلى والدنمارك وإستونيا وفنلندا وفرنسا, ألمانيا والمجر وآيسلندا وإيطاليا وهولندا والنرويج ورومانيا والسويد وتايلند. قنصليات تونس وساحل العاج توجد في حي سفتون العمراني المجاور.

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Liverpool.

هذه القائمة غير مكتملة؛ بإمكانك المساعدة بتنميتها.

Individuals

Military units

Organisations and Groups

انظر أيضا

وصلات خارجية

 
مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Liverpool

| Liverpool

]].
 
Wikinews has related news:

الإحداثيات: 53.4° N 3° W

  1. ^ "How Liverpool became known as 'the capital of North Wales'". March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Second capital of Ireland: Liverpool's unique Irish history and culture and what it means to the city". 25 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  3. ^ "It's official – Liverpool rocks!". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  4. ^ "Is Liverpool still the world in one city?". Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  5. ^ Jones, Catherine (8 April 2007). "City has birthday new look for coat of arms". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  6. ^ "Figure 3: Population by ethnic group, 2021, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  7. ^ "Figure 2: Religion, 2021, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  8. ^ أ ب "Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  9. ^ University of Portsmouth. "Administrative Unit West Derby Hundred". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016.
  10. ^ William Farrer & J. Brownbill (1907). "A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3".
  11. ^ "Cities and towns in the United Kingdom (UK) ranked by international visits in 2019". Statista. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  12. ^ Hasted, Nick (2017). You Really Got Me: The Story of The Kinks. Omnibus Press. p. 425.
  13. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة no1singles1
  14. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة no1singles2
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