التيار المحافظ في الولايات المتحدة

"American conservative" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the magazine، انظر The American Conservative.

لمعلومات عن استخدامات أخرى، انظر التيار المحافظ (توضيح).

التيار المحافظ الأمريكي American Conservatism، هو نظام واسع النطاق لمجموعة من الاعتقادات السياسية في الولايات المتحدة والذي يتميز باحترام التقاليد الأمريكية، دعم القيم اليهودية-المسيحية، حرية الخطاب، النظرية السياسية الأخلاقية، مناهضة الشيوعية، الدفاع عن الخصوصية الأمريكية، والدفاع عن الثقافة الغربية ضد التهديدات "الاشتراكية الزاحفة"، الحرية لاأخلاقية كقيمة محورية، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على تعضيد السوق الحرة، الحد من حجم ونفوذ الحكومة في الاقتصاد، ومعارضة الضرائب المرتفعة والانتهاك من قبل الحكومة أو النقابات العمالية تجاه ريادة الأعمال.

American conservatives tend to support Christian values, moral absolutism, traditional family values, and American exceptionalism, while opposing abortion, euthanasia, same-sex marriage, and transgender rights. They tend to favor economic liberalism and neoliberalism, and are generally pro-business and pro-capitalism, while opposing communism and labor unions. They often advocate for a strong national defense, gun rights, capital punishment, and a defense of Western culture from perceived threats posed by communism and moral relativism. 21st-century American conservatives tend to question epidemiology, climate change, and evolution more frequently than moderates or liberals. قالب:TOC Limit

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 نظرة عامة

In the United States today, conservative is often used very differently from the way it is used in Europe and Asia. Following the American Revolution, Americans rejected the core ideals of European conservatism; those ideals were based on the landed aristocracy, hereditary monarchy, established churches, and powerful armies.

American conservatives generally consider individual liberty within the bounds of conservative values as the fundamental trait of democracy. They typically believe in a balance between federal government and states' rights. Apart from some right-libertarians, American conservatives tend to favor strong action in areas they believe to be within government's legitimate jurisdiction, particularly national defense and law enforcement. Social conservatives—many of them religious—often oppose abortion and same-sex marriage. They often favor prayer in public schools and government funding for private religious schools.

Like most political ideologies in the United States, conservatism originates from republicanism, which rejects aristocratic and monarchical government and upholds the principles of the 1776 U.S. Declaration of Independence ("that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness") and of the U.S. Constitution, which established a federal republic under the rule of law. Conservative philosophy also derives in part from the classical liberal tradition of the 18th and 19th centuries, which advocated laissez-faire economics (i.e. economic freedom and deregulation). However, in the twenty-first century, two-thirds of Southern Republicans favor seceding from the United States.

While historians such as Patrick Allitt (born 1956) and political theorists such as Russell Kirk (1918–1994) assert that conservative principles have played a major role in U.S. politics and culture since 1776, they also argue that an organized conservative movement with beliefs that differ from those of other American political parties did not emerge in the U.S. at least until the 1950s. The recent movement conservatism has its base in the Republican Party, which has adopted conservative policies since the 1950s; Southern Democrats also became important early figures in the movement's history. In 1937, conservative Republicans and Southern Democrats formed the congressional conservative coalition, which played an influential role in Congress from the late 1930s to the mid-1960s. In recent decades, Southern conservatives voted heavily Republican.

 الأنواع

انظر أيضاً: Factions in the Republican Party (United States)

Conservatism in the United States is not a single school of thought. Barry Goldwater in the 1960s spoke for a "free enterprise" conservatism. Jerry Falwell in the 1980s preached traditional moral and religious social values.

The history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies, but at least during the era of Ronald Reagan, a coalition of ideologies was formed that was known as "the Three Leg Stool" — the three legs being social conservatives (consisting of the Christian right and paleo-conservatives), war hawks (consisting of interventionists and neoconservatives), and fiscal conservatives (consisting of right-libertarians and free-market capitalists), with overlap between the sides.

In the 21st century United States, types of conservatism include:

• Christian conservatism, whose proponents are primarily Christian fundamentalists focused on the traditional nuclear family rooted in religion. Typical positions include the view that the United States was founded as a Christian nation rather than a secular one and that abortion should be restricted or outlawed. Many attack the profanity and sexuality prevalent in modern media and society and often oppose pornography and LGBT rights while supporting abstinence-only sex education. This faction strongly supported Reagan in the 1980 election. Nevertheless, they intensely opposed the Reagan's 1981 nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court because she supported a woman's right to abortion. She was confirmed unanimously anyway.
• Related to Christian conservatism is Social conservatism, which focuses on the preservation of traditional moral values, often rooted in the nuclear family and religion, that they see as threatened by secularism and moral relativism. They tend to support prayer in public schools and school vouchers for religious schools, while opposing abortion and LGBT rights.
• Constitutional conservatism, a form of conservatism bound within the limits provided within the United States Constitution, defending the structures of constitutionalism and enumerated powers, and preserving the principles of the United States Constitution. Chief among those principles is the defense of liberty. This form of conservatism coalesced in the Republican Party in the early 20th century, in opposition to progressivism within the party; it can also be seen being influential to the 21st century Tea Party movement. Constitutional conservatism has also been associated with judicial originalism.
• Fiscal conservatism, a form of conservatism that focuses on low taxes and restrained government spending.
• Libertarian conservatism, a fusion with libertarianism. This type emphasizes a strict interpretation of the Constitution, particularly with regard to federal power. Libertarian conservatism is constituted by a broad, sometimes conflicted, coalition including pro-business social moderates, so-called "deficit hawks", those favoring more rigid enforcement of states' rights, individual liberty activists, and many of those who place their socially liberal ideology ahead of their fiscal beliefs. This mode of thinking tends to espouse laissez-faire economics and a critical view of the federal government, its surveillance programs and its foreign military interventions. Libertarian conservatives' emphasis on personal freedom often leads them to have social positions contrary to those of social conservatives, especially on such issues as marijuana, abortion and gay marriage. Ron Paul and his son Rand Paul have been influential proponents in the Republican presidential contests, while still maintaining many socially conservative values. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor capitalism, individualism, limited government, and laissez-faire economics. They advocate low taxes, free markets, deregulation, privatization, and reduced government spending and government debt.
• National conservatism, a modern variant of conservatism and nationalism that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity. Advocated by supporters of President Donald Trump that breaks with the "conservative consensus, forged by Cold War politics" of "markets and moralism". It seeks to preserve national interests, emphasizes American nationalism, strict law and order policies and social conservatism (revolving around the nuclear family), opposes illegal immigration and supports laissez-faire or free market economic policy. A 2019 political conference featuring "public figures, journalists, scholars, and students" dubbed this variety of conservatism "National Conservatism". Critics allege its adherents are merely attempting to wrest "a coherent ideology out of the chaos of the Trumpist moment".
• Neoconservatism, a modern form of conservatism that supports a more assertive, interventionist foreign policy, aimed at promoting democracy abroad. It is tolerant of an activist government at home, but is focused mostly on international affairs. Neoconservatism was first described by a group of disaffected liberals, and thus Irving Kristol, usually credited as its intellectual progenitor, defined a neoconservative as "a liberal who was mugged by reality". Although originally regarded as an approach to domestic policy (the founding instrument of the movement, Kristol's The Public Interest periodical, did not even cover foreign affairs), through the influence of figures like Dick Cheney, Robert Kagan, Richard Perle, Kenneth Adelman and (Irving's son) Bill Kristol, it has become most famous for its association with the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration in the Middle East that used aggressive military action to ostensibly promote democracy and protect American interests. Neoconservatives want to expand what they see as American ideals throughout the world.
• Paleoconservatism, in part a rebirth of the Old Right arising in the 1980s in reaction to neoconservatism. Paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and opposition to multiculturalism. Most conservative factions nationwide, except some libertarians, support a unilateral foreign policy, and a strong military. Most, especially libertarians, support gun ownership rights, citing the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. The conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of "godless communism". It stresses tradition, especially Christian tradition and the importance to society of the traditional family. Some such as Samuel P. Huntington argue that multiracial, multi-ethnic, and egalitarian states are inherently unstable. Paleoconservatives are generally isolationist, and suspicious of foreign influence. The magazines Chronicles and The American Conservative are generally considered to be paleoconservative in nature.
• Traditionalist conservatism, a form of conservatism in opposition to rapid change in political and social institutions. This kind of conservatism is anti-ideological insofar as it emphasizes means (slow change) over ends (any particular form of government). To the traditionalist, whether one arrives at a right- or left-wing government is less important than whether change is effected through rule of law rather than through revolution and utopian schemes.
• Blue Dog Coalition ideology, the set of values and policy held by most conservative Democrats and the coalition that represents them.

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 التيار المحافظ الاجتماعي والتقاليد

YES on 8 rally in Fresno, California

 التيار المحافظ المالي والليبرالية الاقتصادية

Ronald Reagan gives a televised address from the Oval Office, outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981 (excerpt)

 الأنواع

انظر أيضاً: فصائل في الحزب الجمهوري (الولايات المتحدة)

 السياسات المؤخرة

رسل كرك، منظر محافظ.

 السياسات الانتخابية

 الجغرافيا

النسبة المئوية لمن يعرفون نفسهم كمحافظين في عام 2010.

  49% and above

  45%–48%

  41%–44%

  37%–40%

  33%–36%

  32% and under

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 موضوعات أخرى

Rush Limbaugh, 2009

 مفكرون وقادة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة المحافظين الأمريكان

جون كالون

 انظر أيضاً

• مرجعية التيار المحافظ في الولايات المتحدة
• الحق المسيحي
• Compassionate conservatism
• الحزب الدستوري
• Fusionism
• التيار المحافظ الليبرالي
• Media bias in the United States
• Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism
• Old Right (United States)
• الحزب الجمهوري (الولايات المحدة)
• خط زمني للتيار المحافظ الأمريكي الحديث
• قيم تقليدية

 أيديولوجيات منافسة

• الليبرالية والتقدمية في الولايات المتحدة
• الليبرالية في الولايات المتحدة
• Alt-right

 قراءات إضافية

• Aberbach, Joel D. "Understanding American Political Conservatism." in Robert A. Scott and Stephen M. Kosslyn, eds. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource (2015). DOI: 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0373
• Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719-06020-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Allitt, Patrick. The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2010) excerpt and text search
• Clark, Barry Stewart (1998). Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-95869-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011)
• Critchlow, Donald T. and Nancy MacLean. Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present (2009)
• Filler, Louis. Dictionary of American Conservatism (Philosophical Library, 1987)
• Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006); the most detailed reference
• Gottfried, Paul. The Conservative Movement (Twayne, 1993.)
• Gross, Neil, Thomas Medvetz, and Rupert Russell. "The Contemporary American Conservative Movement," Annual Review of Sociology (2011) 37 pp. 325–54
• Guttman, Allan. The Conservative Tradition in America (Oxford University Press, 1967).
• Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980 (2009) excerpt v 1; The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–1989 (2009) excerpt and text search v2
• Hemmer, Nicole. Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). xvi, 320 pp.
• Kabaservice, Geoffrey. Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party (2012) scholarly history favorable to moderates excerpt and text search;
• Lora, Ronald.; The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America Greenwood Press, 1999 online edition
• Lyons, Paul. American Conservatism: Thinking It, Teaching It. (Vanderbilt University Press, 2009). 202 pp. ISBN 978-0-8265-1626-8
• Nash, George. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (2006; 1st ed. 1978) influential history
• Phillips-Fein, Kim. "Conservatism: A State of the Field," Journal of American History, (Dec. 2011) 98#3 pp. 723–43 in JSTOR
• Rosen, Eliot A. The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt: Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States (2014)
• Schneider, Gregory. The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (2009)
• Thorne, Melvin J. American Conservative Thought since World War II: The Core Ideas (1990) online edition

 وصلات خارجية

• "The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement," The Heritage Foundation.
• "Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?", 21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism.
• Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism at the University of Virginia.
• "Comparative Decades: Conservatism in the 1920s and 1980s" Lesson plans
• Mark Riebling, "Prospectus for a Critique of Conservative Reason."
• Paul Gottfried, "How Russell Kirk (And The Right) Went Wrong"
• A History of Conservative Movements – slideshow by Newsweek
• How Corporate America Invented Christian America. Kevin M. Kruse for Politico. April 16, 2015.