المعرفة

مدينة درنكويو تحت الأرض

مدينة درنكويو تحت الأرض Derinkuyu underground city (اليونانية القپادوقية: Μαλακοπή)، هي مدينة عتيقة تحت الأرض متعددة المستويات تقع في قضاء درنكويو بمحافظة نڤشهر، تركيا. يتجاوز عمق المدينة 60 متر، ومساحتها تكفي لإيواء 20.000 شخص مع ماشيتهم ومخازن طعامهم. وتعتبر أكبر مدينة محفورة تحت الأرض في تركيا وهي واحدة من المجمعات المختلفة الموجودة تحت الأرض والتي عُثر عليها عبر منطقة قپادوقيا.

ممر في المدينة تحت الأرض.

ُأُفتتحت للزوار عام 1969 وحوالي نصف المدينة المدفونة متاح حالياً لدخول السائحين.

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الخصائص

The underground city at Derinkuyu could be closed from the inside with large rolling stone doors. Each floor could be closed off separately.[1]

 
The room with the barrel-vaulted ceiling, possibly a school

The city could accommodate up to 20,000 people and had amenities found in other underground complexes across Cappadocia,[2][3] such as wine and oil presses, stables, cellars, storage rooms, refectories, and chapels. Unique to the Derinkuyu complex and located on the second floor is a spacious room with a barrel-vaulted ceiling. It has been reported that this room was used as a religious school and the rooms to the left were studies.[4]

Starting between the third and fourth levels are a series of vertical staircases, which lead to a cruciform church on the lowest (fifth) level.[بحاجة لمصدر]

 
A deep ventilation well in the city

The large 55-metre (180 ft) ventilation shaft appears to have been used as a well. The shaft provided water to both the villagers above and, if the outside world was not accessible, to those in hiding.[بحاجة لمصدر]


التاريخ

Caves might have been built initially in the soft volcanic rock of the Cappadocia region by the Phrygians in the 8th–7th centuries BCE.[5] When the Phrygian language died out in Roman times, replaced with the Greek language,[6] the inhabitants, now Christians, expanded their caverns to deep multiple-level structures adding the chapels and Greek inscriptions.[7][أ]

The city at Derinkuyu was fully formed in the Byzantine era, when it was heavily used as protection from Arab Muslims during the Arab–Byzantine wars (780–1180 AD).[7][8][ب] The city was connected with another underground city, Kaymakli, through 8–9 kilometers (about 5 miles) of tunnels.[9] Some artifacts discovered in these underground settlements belong to the Middle Byzantine Period, between the 5th and the 10th centuries.[بحاجة لمصدر]

These cities continued to be used by the Christian natives as protection from the Mongolian incursions of Timur in the 14th century.[10][ت][11][ث]

After the region fell to the Ottomans, the cities were used as refuges (Cappadocian Greek: καταφύγια) by the natives from the Turkish Muslim rulers.[11]:{{{1}}}[ج]

As late as the 20th century, the local population, Cappadocian Greeks and Armenians, were still using the underground cities to escape periodic persecutions.[11] For example, Richard MacGillivray Dawkins, a Cambridge linguist who conducted research from 1909 to 1911 on the Cappadocian Greek speaking natives in the area, recorded such an event as having occurred in 1909: "When the news came of the recent massacres at Adana, a great part of the population at Axo took refuge in these underground chambers, and for some nights did not venture to sleep above ground."[7][11]

In 1923, the Christian inhabitants of the region were expelled from Turkey and moved to Greece in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereupon the tunnels were abandoned.[7][12][ح][13][خ]

In 1963, the tunnels were rediscovered after a resident of the area found a mysterious room behind a wall in his home while renovating. Further digging revealed access to the tunnel network.[14]

In 1969, the site was opened to visitors,[15] with about half of the underground city accessible as of 2016.[بحاجة لمصدر]

مدن أخرى تحت الأرض

منطقة قپادوقيا، والتي تقع فيها درنكويو، تضم مدن تاريخية تحت الأرض، محفورة في تكوين جيولوجي فريد. تم اكتشاف ما يزيد عن 200 مدينة تحت الأرض على مستويين من العمق على الأقل في المنطقة الواقعة ما بين قيصرية ونڤشهر، وهناك 40 منهم تقريباً بثلاث مستويات.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Ancient underground city once housed 20,000 people". Dusty Old Thing. 2 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Massive underground city found in Cappadocia region of Turkey". National Geographic. March 26, 2015.
  3. ^ "Derinkuyu underground city". cappadociaturkey.net. January 26, 2014.
  4. ^ "Derinkuyu underground city". nevsehir.gov.tr. Nevşehir Provincial Government. Archived from the original on 2007-01-09.
  5. ^ Yalav-Heckeroth, Feride (21 December 2022). "The story behind the underground cities in Turkey". theculturetrip.com. Retrieved 23 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language contact and the written word. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–266. ISBN 0-19-924506-1.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Darke, Diana (2011). Eastern Turkey. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-1-84162-339-9.
  8. ^ أ ب Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010). Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. John Wiley & Sons. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-4051-3415-6.
  9. ^ Martin, Anthony J. (2017-02-07). The Evolution Underground (in الإنجليزية). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-68177-375-9.
  10. ^ أ ب Kinross, P.B. (1970). Within the Taurus: A journey in asiatic Turkey. J. Murray. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-7195-2038-9.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Dawkins, R.McG. (1916). Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia, and Pharasa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  12. ^ أ ب Rodley, Lyn (2010). Cave Monasteries of Byzantine Cappadocia. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-15477-2.
  13. ^ أ ب Oberheu, Susanne; Wadenpohl, Michael (2010). Cappadocia. BoD. pp. 270–1. ISBN 978-3-8391-5661-2.
  14. ^ "8 Mysterious underground cities". History.com. 2016-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ (2016-01-01) "The study of Derinkuyu underground city in Cappadocia, located in pyroclastic rock materials" in World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium 2016, WMCAUS 2016. 161: 2253–2258. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.824. 

قراءات إضافية

وصلات خارجية

Coordinates: 38°22′25″N 34°44′06″E / 38.3735°N 34.7351°E / 38.3735; 34.7351
خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/>

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