دڤين
دڤين (Dvin ؛ بالفصحى بالأرمينية: Դուին، reformed: Դվին; باليونانية: [Δούβιος Doύbios أو Τίβιον Tίbion] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help);[1] العربية: دَبیل؛ وأيضاً دوين في المصادر القديمة) كانت مدينة تجارية كبيرة وعاصمة of early medieval Armenia. It was situated north of the previous ancient capital of Armenia, the city of Artaxata, along the banks of the Metsamor River, 35 km to the south of modern Yerevan. The site of the ancient city is currently not much more than a large hill located between modern Hnaberd (just off the main road through Hnaberd) and Verin Dvin, Armenia. Systematic excavations at Dvin that have proceeded since 1937 have produced an abundance of materials, which have shed light into the Armenian culture of the 5th to the 13th centuries.
 رسم للميدان الرئيسي للعاصمة الأرمنية القديمة دڤين. الكاتدرائية الرئيسية، بإسم القديس گريگور (القرن الثالث للخامس)، مع كنيسة صغيرة للقديس سركيس إلى اليمين (القرن السادس)، ومسكن الكاثوليكوس إلى اليسار (القرن الخامس) | |
  كما يظهر في أرمينيا | |
| المكان | جنوب غرب قرية دڤين؛ بين Hnaberd و Verin دڤين، مقاطعة أرارات، أرمنيا |
|---|---|
| الإحداثيات | 40°0′16.87″N 44°34′45″E / 40.0046861°N 44.57917°E |
| التاريخ | |
| الباني | الملك خسرو الثالث |
| تأسس | القرن الرابع |
| هـُـجـِر | 1236 |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الاسم
Ancient Armenian literary sources almost always give the name of the ancient city of Dvin as Dwin or Duin. Later authors favored the Dvin appellation, which is the most common form given in scholarly literature.[2] The word is of Middle Iranian origin, and means hill.[3]
التاريخ
The ancient city of Dvin was built by Khosrov III of Armenia in 335 on a site of an ancient settlement and fortress from the 3rd millennium BC. Since then, the city had been used as the primary residence of the Armenian Kings of the Arsacid dynasty. Dvin boasted a population of about 100,000 citizens in various professions, including arts and crafts, trade, fishing, etc.
بعد سقوط المملكة الأرمنية في 428, Dvin became the residence of Sassanid appointed marzpans (governors), Byzantine kouropalates and later Umayyad- and Abbasid-appointed ostikans (governors), all of whom were of senior nakharar stock. Under Arsacid rule, Dvin prospered as one of the most populous and wealthiest cities east of Constantinople. Its prosperity continued even after the partition of Armenia between Romans and Sassanid Persians, when it became the provincial capital of Persian Armenia, and eventually it became a target during the height of the Muslim conquests. According to Sebeos and Catholicos John V the Historian, Dvin was captured in 640 during the reign of Constans II and Catholicos Ezra. During the Arab conquest of Armenia, Dvin was captured and pillaged in 640, in the first raids. On January 6, 642 the Arabs stormed and took the city, slaughtered 12,000 of its inhabitants and carried 35,000 into slavery. Dvin became the center of the province of أرمينية، أطلق العرب على المدينة اسم دابيل.
Although Armenia was a battleground between Arabs and Byzantine forces for the next two centuries, in the 9th century it still flourished. Frequent earthquakes and continued Arab oppression led to the decline of the city from the beginning of the 10th century. During a major earthquake in 893, the city was destroyed, along with most of its 70,000 inhabitants.[4]
Following a devastating Daylamite raid in 1021, which sacked the city, Dvin was captured by the Shaddadids of Ganja، وحكمها أبو الأسوار شاوور بن فضل,[5] who successfully defended it against three Byzantine attacks in the latter half of the 1040s.[6][7]
In 1064, the Seljuks occupied the city. The Shaddadids continued to rule the city as Seljuk vassals until the Georgian King George III conquered the city in 1173. In 1201-1203, during the reign of Queen Tamar, the city was again under Georgian rule. In 1236, the city was completely destroyed by Mongols.[8]
دڤين كانت مسقط رأس نجم الدين أيوب وأسد الدين شيركوه بن شاذي، القائدين الكرديين اللذين كانا يعملان في خدمة السلاجقة؛[9] ابن نجم الدين أيوب، صلاح الدين، كان مؤسس الدولة الأيوبية. وقد وُلِد صلاح الدين في تكريت، بالعراق، إلا أن عائلته تنحدر من مدينة دڤين.
كاتدرائية القديس گريگور
Situated in the central square of the ancient city was the Cathedral of Saint Grigor. It was originally constructed in the 3rd century as a triple-nave pagan temple with seven pairs of interior structural supports. The temple was rebuilt in the 4th century as a Christian church, with a pentahedral apse that protruded sharply on its eastern side. In the middle of the 5th century, an exterior arched gallery was added to the existing structure. At the time that the cathedral was built, it was the largest in Armenia and measured 30.41 meters by 58.17 meters.
Ornate decorations adorned the interior and the exterior of the building. The capitals of the columns were decorated with fern-like relief, while the cornices were carved in the design of three interlaced strands. The interior floor of the structure was made up of mosaic multi-colored soft-toned slabs in a geometric pattern, while the floor of the apse was decorated in the 7th century with a mosaic of smaller stone tiles representing the Holy Virgin. It is the most ancient mosaic depiction of her in Armenia. By the middle of the 7th century, the cathedral was rebuilt into a cruciform domed church with apses that protruded off of its lateral facades. All that remains of the cathedral today are the stone foundations uncovered during archaeological excavations in the 20th century.
صور
خريطة دڤين
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ Garsoïan, Nina G. (1991). "Duin". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 665–666. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
- ^ Pavstos Buzand, 5th-century historian
- ^ Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438.
- ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6.
- ^ Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, p. 120.
- ^ Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, p. 122.
- ^ Minorsky 1977, pp. 53–56, 59–64.
- ^ Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
- ^ Lyons, Malcolm Cameron and David Edward Pritchett Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War, (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 2.
المصادر
- Vardanyan, Sergey (1995). The Capitals of Armenia. Yerevan: Apolon. pp. 109–121. ISBN 5-8079-0778-7.
- Harutyunyan, V. (1947). Architectural landmarks of Dvin. Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR.
- Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 418–438.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Minorsky, Vladimir (1977) [1953]. Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram (1976). The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia. Transl. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Livraria Bertrand. OCLC 490638192.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)