المعرفة

حرب الوردتين

من أجل استخدامات أخرى، انظر حرب الوردتين (توضيح).

حرب الوردتين هي مجموعة من المعارك الأهلية حدثت بين عامي(1455م-1485م)على كرسي العرش في إنجلترا بين أنصار كل من: عائلة لانكستر وعائلة يورك.والعائلتان تعتبران فرعان من عائلة بلانتاجانت الملكية. يرجع أصلهما إلى الملك إدوارد الثالث.

حرب الوردتين
Wars of the Roses
Plucking the Red and White Roses, by Henry Payne.jpg
Print after the 1908 painting by Henry Payne of the scene in the Temple Garden from Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 1, where supporters of the rival factions pick either red or white roses, the symbols for the Lancastrians or the Yorkists
التاريخ22 May 1455 – 16 June 1487
(32 سنة, 3 أسبوع و 4 يوم)
الموقع
England, Wales, Ireland, Calais
النتيجة Victory for the House of Lancaster and their allies
المتحاربون

Supported by:

بدعم من:

القادة والزعماء
الضحايا والخسائر
105,000 dead[6]

عندما أصيب هنري السادس المنتمي لعائلة لانكستر بمرض عقلي ،حكم بدل منه ابن عمه ريتشارد الثاني الذي ينتمي لعائلة يورك . وعندما تماثل هنري السادس للشفاء نشبت الحرب بين أنصارهما . قتل ريتشارد الثاني ولكن تولى الحكم من بعده ابنه إدوارد الرابع . مات إدوارد بعد سنوات قليلة وتولى ابنه الصغير إدوارد الخامس . استولى ريتشارد الثالث عم إدوارد الخامس على المُلك . ولكن آخر المطالبين بعرش لانكستر هنري تودور استرد الحكم وأصبح بعدها هنري السابع . انتهى الصراع بعد ذلك بزواج الملك هنري السابع بإليزابيث ابنة إدوارد الرابع المنتمي لعائلة يورك وبذلك أقام الصلح بين العائلتين.

شعار لانكستر الوردة الحمراء
شعار يورك الوردة البيضاء

لم يستخدم مصطلح حرب الوردتين في تلك الفترة . ولكن أستُخدم في القرن التاسع عشر أول مرة في أحد المشاهد الروائية لمسرحية شكسبير : هنري السادس . وسبب التسمية هي أن الفريقان المتقاتلان كان شعارهما عبارة عن وردتان: الوردة الحمراء لعائلة لانكستر والوردة البيضاء لعائلة يورك.

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أهم الشخصيات

 
شجرة عائلة مبسطة توضح أعضاء الأسرة الحاكمة الإنگليزية


الزعامة

As the wars were a series of sporadic battles fought across a period of over 32 years, many of the key commanders fluctuated due to death in battle, death by natural causes, executions, and possible assassinations. Some key commanders also defected between sides, such as Warwick the Kingmaker.

Yorkists are those who supported the rival House of York's claims to the throne, over the incumbent Lancastrian dynasty.

Lancastrians are those who supported the Lancastrian claim to the throne, principally by supporting the incumbent monarch, Henry VI.

Tudors are those who supported Henry VII's claim to the throne by right of conquest in 1485.[7]

Yorkist rebels are Yorkists who, while not aligned with the claims of the Lancastrian dynasty, nevertheless rebelled against Edward IV during his reign.

اللقب الاسم الجانب ملاحظات
King of England Edward IV of England York First reign: 4 March 1461 – 3 October 1470
Second reign: 11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483
Died of natural causes on 9 April 1483[8]
King of England Edward V of England York Reign: 9 April 1483 – 25 June 1483
Deposed by Richard III after a 78-day reign
One of the Princes in the Tower[9]
King of England Richard III of England  † York Reign: 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485
Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the last English king to die in battle[10]
Queen consort of England Elizabeth Woodville York Consort to Edward IV
Mother to Edward V and Elizabeth of York
Organised the alliance with Beaufort to promote Henry Tudor as a claimant to the throne[5]
Dowager Queen Tudor
Queen consort of England Anne Neville York Consort to Richard III
Died of natural causes on 16 March 1485[11]
Duke of York Richard of York  † York Also Lord Protector
Killed in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460[12][13]
Earl of Rutland Edmund Plantagenet  † York Son of Richard of York
Killed in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460[14]
Duke of Clarence George Plantagenet    York Briefly joined the Lancastrians
Son of Richard of York
Executed for treason at the Tower of London on 18 February 1478[15]
Lancaster
Duke of Buckingham Henry Stafford    York Defected to the Tudor cause
تيودور Grandson of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
Executed after the failed Buckingham's Rebellion on 2 November 1483[16]
Earl of Warwick Richard Neville
Warwick The Kingmaker  † 		York Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause.
Killed in battle at Barnet on 14 April 1471[17]
لانكاستر
Earl of Salisbury Richard Neville    York Father of Warwick the Kingmaker
Executed after the Battle of Wakefield by Lancastrians on 31 December 1460[18]
Earl of Kent William Neville York Uncle of Warwick the Kingmaker
Died of natural causes on 9 January 1463
Viscount Fauconberg Thomas Neville York Son of William Neville, Earl of Kent
Defected from the Yorkists to the Lancastrians
Executed at Middleham Castle on 22 September 1471[19]
لانكاستر
Marquess of Montagu John Neville  † York Younger brother of Warwick the Kingmaker
Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause
Killed in battle at Barnet on 14 April 1471[20]
Lancaster
Baron Neville John Neville Lancaster Briefly defected from the Lancastrians to the Yorkists
Killed in battle at Ferrybridge on 28 March 1461[21]
York
Knight of the Realm Thomas Neville  † York Younger brother of Warwick the Kingmaker
Killed in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460[22]
Duke of Norfolk John de Mowbray York Died of natural causes on 6 November 1461[23]
Duke of Norfolk John Howard  † York Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485[24]
Earl of Lincoln John de la Pole  † York Killed in battle at Stoke Field on 16 June 1487[25]
Viscount Lovell Francis Lovell York Disappeared after the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485[25]
Earl of Pembroke William Herbert    York Executed after the Battle of Edgcote on 27 July 1469[26]
Earl of Devon Humphrey Stafford    York Executed after the Battle of Edgcote on 27 July 1469[27]
Earl of Desmond Thomas FitzGerald X York Commanded Yorkist forces in Ireland
Assassinated in Drogheda in 1468[28]
Baron Hastings William Hastings    York Executed at the Tower of London on 20 June 1483[29]
King of England Henry VI of England    Lancaster First reign: 1 September 1422 – 4 March 1461
Second reign: 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471
Captured and imprisoned by the Yorkists
Died in unclear circumstances on 21 May 1471[30]
Prince of Wales Edward of Westminster  † Lancaster Son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
Killed in battle at Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471[31]
Queen consort of England Margaret of Anjou    Lancaster Wife of Henry VI
Died of natural causes on 25 August 1482[32]
Duke of Somerset Henry Beaufort  † Lancaster Killed in battle at St Albans on 22 May 1455[33]
Duke of Somerset Henry Beaufort    Lancaster Son of Henry Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
Executed after the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464[34]
Duke of Somerset Edmund Beaufort    Lancaster Younger brother of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset
Executed after the Battle of Tewkesbury on 6 May 1471[35]
Earl of Northumberland Henry Percy  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Towton on 29 March 1461[36]
Earl of Northumberland Henry Percy Lancaster Son of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
Duke of Buckingham Humphrey Stafford  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460[37]
Earl of Shrewsbury John Talbot  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460[38]
Duke of Exeter Henry Holland Lancaster Died of natural causes in September 1475[39]
Earl of Wiltshire James Butler    Lancaster Executed after the Battle of Towton on 1 May 1461[40]
Earl of Devon John Courtenay  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471[41]
Earl of Oxford John de Vere Lancaster Later supported the Tudor claim to the throne under Henry VII
Tudor
Earl of Ormond John Butler Lancaster Commanded Lancastrian forces in Ireland
Died in the Holy Land of natural causes on 14 December 1476[42]
Viscount Beaumont John Beaumont  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460[43]
Baron Audley James Tuchet  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Blore Heath on 23 September 1459[44]
Baron Clifford John Clifford  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Ferrybridge on 28 March 1461[45]
Baron Ros Thomas de Ros    Lancaster Executed after the Battle of Hexham on 17 May 1464[46]
Knight of the Realm Andrew Trollope  † Lancaster Killed in battle at Towton on 29 March 1461[47]
Knight of the Realm Owen Tudor    Lancaster Grandfather of Henry VII
Father of Edmund Tudor and Jasper Tudor
Executed shortly after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross at Hereford on 2 February 1461[48]
Earl of Richmond Edmund Tudor    Lancaster Father of Henry VII
Died of bubonic plague on 3 November 1456 while imprisoned at Carmarthen Castle[49]
Earl of Pembroke Jasper Tudor Lancaster Uncle of Henry VII
Tudor
King of England Henry VII of England Tudor Reign: 22 August 1485 – 21 April 1509
Inherited the Lancastrian claim
Defeated the Yorkists at Bosworth Field[50]
Countess of Richmond Lady Margaret Beaufort Tudor Mother of Henry VII
Orchestrated the rise of the Tudor dynasty[4]
Earl of Shrewsbury George Talbot Tudor —
Baron Stanley Thomas Stanley Tudor Supported Henry VII late at the Battle of Bosworth Field[51]
Baron Strange George Stanley Tudor Son and heir apparent of Thomas Stanley
Knight of the Realm William Stanley Tudor Younger brother of Thomas Stanley
Supported Henry VII late at the Battle of Bosworth Field
Baron Scales Edward Woodville Tudor —
Baron Willoughby de Eresby Robert Welles    Yorkist rebel Executed following the Battle of Losecoat Field on 19 March 1470[52]
Knight of the Realm Robin of Redesdale  † Yorkist rebel Reportedly killed in battle at Edgcote on 24 July 1469


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شجرة العائلة

قالب:Wars of the Roses family tree

في الأدب

Chronicles written during the Wars of the Roses include:

  • Benet's Chronicle
  • Gregory's Chronicle (1189–1469)
  • Short English Chronicle (before 1465)
  • Hardyng's Chronicle: first version for Henry VI (1457)
  • Hardyng's Chronicle: second version for Richard, duke of York and Edward IV (1460 and c. 1464)
  • Hardyng's Chronicle: second "Yorkist" version revised for Lancastrians during Henry VI's Readeption (see Peverley's article).
  • Capgrave (1464)
  • Commynes (1464–98)
  • Chronicle of the Lincolnshire Rebellion (1470)
  • Historie of the arrival of Edward IV in England (1471)
  • Waurin (before 1471)
  • An English Chronicle: AKA Davies' Chronicle (1461)
  • Brief Latin Chronicle (1422–71)
  • Fabyan (before 1485)
  • Rous (1480/86)
  • Croyland Chronicle (1449–1486)
  • Warkworth's Chronicle (1500?)

Stories set within the Wars of the Roses include:

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Francis II sheltered Henry Tudor, supplying him with money, troops, and ships. It was only after Francis fell ill that Henry was forced to flee Brittany to France.
  2. ^ After Francis II became ill, his treasurer, Pierre Landais, ruling the Duchy in his stead, aided Richard III in attempting to capture Henry Tudor.
  3. ^ Died in unclear circumstances
  4. ^ Exiled and died of natural causes
  5. ^ Orchestrated the rise of the Tudor dynasty[4]
  6. ^ Organised the alliance with Beaufort to promote Henry Tudor as a claimant to the throne, and organised the marriage between Henry and Elizabeth of York[5]
  7. ^ Died of natural causes
  8. ^ Deposed by Richard III after 78 days

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ Wagner & Schmid 2011.
  2. ^ Guy 1988.
  3. ^ McCaffrey 1984.
  4. ^ أ ب Gristwood 2013, p. 226.
  5. ^ أ ب Gristwood 2013, pp. 195–196.
  6. ^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 51.
  7. ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 50.
  8. ^ Penn 2019, p. 494.
  9. ^ Thornton, TIM (2021). "More on a Murder: The Deaths of the 'Princes in the Tower', and Historiographical Implications for the Regimes of Henry VII and Henry VIII". History. 106 (369): 4–25. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.13100. S2CID 234258689.
  10. ^ "King Richard III killed by blows to skull". BBC News. London. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  11. ^ Licence 2013, p. 176.
  12. ^ Seward 1995, p. 85.
  13. ^ Sadler 2011, p. 60.
  14. ^ Rowse 1966, p. 144.
  15. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clarence, Dukes of" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 6 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 428. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ قالب:Cite DNB
  17. ^ Hicks 1998, p. 300.
  18. ^ Dockray, Keith, The Battle of Wakefield and the Wars of the Roses, p. 14, http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/essay_wakefield.pdf, retrieved on 30 June 2009 
  19. ^ Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, iii. 17
  20. ^ Ross 1974, p. 168.
  21. ^ Haigh 1995, p. 59.
  22. ^ Johnson 1988, pp. 222–224.
  23. ^ Richmond 2004.
  24. ^ Kendall 2002, pp. 439–440.
  25. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :4
  26. ^ Lewis, Barry (2011). Curry, Anne; Bell, Adrian R. (eds.). "The Battle of Edgecote or Banbury (1469) Through the Eyes of Contemporary Welsh Poets". Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell Press. IX: 101. ISBN 9781843836681. JSTOR 10.7722/j.cttn345h.9.
  27. ^ Hicks, Michael (January 2008). "Stafford, Humphrey, earl of Devon (c.1439–1469)". قاموس أكسفورد للسيَر الوطنية (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership مطلوبة.)
  28. ^ Ross 1974, p. 204.
  29. ^ Markham, Clements R. (1906). Richard III: his life & character, reviewed in the light of recent research. pp. 214–216.
  30. ^ Wolffe 1981, p. 347.
  31. ^ Wilson, John Marius. Tewkesbury. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  32. ^ Hookham 1872, pp. 369–371.
  33. ^ Goodman 1981, p. 24.
  34. ^ btilley 2007.
  35. ^ Pollard 2001, p. 156.
  36. ^ Weiss 1976, p. 504.
  37. ^ Goodman 1981, p. 38.
  38. ^ Weir 1996, p. 244.
  39. ^ Fabyan, Robert (1811). Ellis, Henry (ed.). The new chronicles of England and France, in two parts. F.C. & J. Rivington. p. 663. OL 7055295M.
  40. ^ Richardson I 2011, p. 382.
  41. ^ Scofield, Cora L. (1923). The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 587.
  42. ^ Ellis 2004.
  43. ^ Sadler 2011, p. 56.
  44. ^ Hicks 2003, p. 143.
  45. ^ Cokayne 1913, pp. 293–294.
  46. ^ Gillingham 1981, pp. 151–152.
  47. ^ Gillingham 1981, p. 135.
  48. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Gairdner
  49. ^ Griffiths & Thomas 1985, p. 46.
  50. ^ Pugh 1992, pp. 52–56.
  51. ^ Chrimes 1999, p. 49.
  52. ^ Richardson IV 2011, p. 307.
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