برج گالاتا
برج گالاتا (تركية: Galata Kulesi ؛ إنگليزية: Galata Tower) أو مع الاسم الرسمي الحالي متحف گالاتا كولسي (تركية: Galata Kulesi Müzesi) هو برج في منطقة باي‌أوغلو في اسطنبول، تركيا. وعلى اسمه تسمى الحي الذي يقع فيه، گالاتا. بُنِيَ كـ برج مراقبة كجزء من أسوار گالاتا، ويُستخدم البرج حالياً كمعرض ومتحف. وهو أحد رموز باي‌أوغلو واسطنبول.
| برج گالاتا | |
|---|---|
Galata Kulesi | |
 برج گالاتا (يناير 2021) | |
 | |
| الأسماء السابقة | Turris Sancte Crucis (Holy Cross Tower) |
| معلومات عامة | |
| النوع | برج مراقبة (سابقاً) · برج مراقبة (سابقاً) · برج مطافي (سابقاً) · مبنى سياحي · متحف · معرض |
| الموقع | اسطنبول، تركيا |
| الإحداثيات | 41°1′32.36″N 28°58′26.96″E / 41.0256556°N 28.9741556°E |
| اكتمل | 1348 |
| جـُدِّد | 1453 · 1510 · 1794 · 1832 · 1875 · 1965-1967 · 1999-2000 · 2020 |
| المالك | Directorate General of Foundations |
| الإدارة | Official website |
| الارتفاع | |
| المعماري | 62.59 متر |
| الدور العلوي | 40.04 متر |
| الأبعاد | |
| القطر | الداخلي: 8.95 متر الخارجي: 16.45 متر |
| تفاصيل تقنية | |
| النظام الإنشائي | حجري |
| المواد | Stone |
| عدد الطوابق | 11 (بما فيهم basement, the ground floor and the mezzanine) |
| المصاعد | 2 |
| الأراضي | 208 م² |
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التاريخ
The Romanesque style[1][2] tower was built as Christea Turris ("Tower of Christ") in 1348 during an expansion of the Genoese colony in Constantinople. Galata Tower was the tallest building in Constantinople at 219.5 ft (66.9 m) when it was built in 1348.[3]
The upper section of the tower with the conical cap was slightly modified in several restorations during the Ottoman period when it was used as an observation tower for spotting fires.
Starting from 1717, the Ottomans began to use the tower for spotting fires in the city. In 1794, during the reign of Sultan Selim III, the roof of the tower was made of lead and wood, and the stairs were severely damaged by a fire. Another fire damaged the building in 1831, upon which a new restoration work took place.
In 1875, during a storm, the conical roof on the top of the building was destroyed.[4][5] The tower remained without this conical roof for the rest of the Ottoman period. Many years later, during the restoration works between 1965 and 1967, the conical roof was reconstructed.[4][5] During this final restoration in the 1960s, the wooden interior of the tower was replaced by a concrete structure and it was commercialized and opened to the public.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Galata Tower was included in World Heritage temporary list in Turkey by UNESCO in 2013.
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العمارة
The nine-story tower is (62.59 m (205.3 ft) without the ornament on top, 51.65 m (169.5 ft) at the observation deck), and was the city's tallest structure when it was built. The elevation at ground level is 61 m (200 ft) above sea-level. The tower has an external diameter of 16.45 m (54.0 ft) at the base, an inside diameter of 8.95 m (29.4 ft), and walls that are 3.75 m (12.3 ft) thick.
The tower replaces an earlier Galata Tower that was built in 528 during the Byzantine Empire. This tower was destroyed during the Crusades.
There was a restaurant and café on its upper floors which have views of Istanbul and the Bosphorus. Also located on the upper floors is a nightclub that hosts a Turkish show. There are two operating elevators that carry visitors from the lower level to the upper levels.
معرض صور
Galata Tower after Cristoforo Buondelmonti, 1420s or 1430s
Galata Tower after Cristoforo Buondelmonti, late 1480s
Galata Tower and Pera by Matrakçı Nasuh, 1537
Galata Tower and Pera by Jérôme Maurand, 1544
Galata Tower by Paul Lucas, 1720
Galata Tower by Cosimo Comidas, 1794
Galata Tower by Antoine Ignace Melling, 1819
Galata Tower by fr (Augustin François Lemaître), 1840
Galata Tower by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1846
Albumen print of the Galata Tower by Pascal Sébah, between 1875 and 1886
Galata Tower at night
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انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ "Galata Kulesi hikayesi" (in التركية). Hürriyet. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
- ^ "MİMARİ'DE TARZ ve ÜSLUP ÖRNEKLEMELERİ" (in التركية). İREN ELÇİSOY ARCHITECTURE. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
- ^ Katie Hallam (2009). The Traveler's Atlas: Europe. London: Barron's Educational Series.(2009), p. 118-119.
- ^ أ ب "Time Out Istanbul: "Galata Kulesi'nin eski fotoğraflarda neden farklı göründüğünü merak ettiniz mi?"". Archived from the original on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
- ^ أ ب Galatakulesi.org: "Galata Kulesi: Kısa Tarihçe" Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
للاستزادة
- Arseven, Celal Esat (1989). Eski Galata ve Binaları (in التركية) (with new letters ed.). Istanbul: Çelik Gülersoy Vakfı İstanbul Kütüphanesi Yayınları. ISBN 9757512044.
- Bilginer, Recep (April 1959). "Galata Kulesi". İETT Dergisi (in التركية). No. 31. pp. 26–27.
- (2016) "Tarihi yapılarda dış cephe aydınlatması ve Galata Kulesi uygulaması" in Elektrik, Elektronik ve Biyomedikal Mühendisliği Konferansı.: 110-114.
- Gündüz, Doğan (June 2004). "Galata Kulesi'ndeki saatleri ayarlama küresi". Toplumsal Tarih (in التركية). No. 126.
- Erkins, Ziya (1970). Galata Kulesi (in التركية). Istanbul: Yörük Matbaası.
- Galata Kulesi ve Çevresi Bölge Düzenleme Projesi (in التركية). Istanbul: Beyoğlu Belediye Başkanlığı Yayınları. 1988.
- "Artık bizim de bir Eiffel'imiz var: Galata Kulesi". Hayat (in التركية). No. 27. June 26, 1969. pp. 16–17.
- "Fener... Zindan... Yangın kulesi... Şimdi de turistik tesis: Galata Kulesi". Hayat (in التركية). No. 39. September 23, 1965. pp. 16–17.
- Arifoğlu, Nergiz (March 19, 2018). "Galata Kulesi'nin aydınlatma tasarımı süreçleri" (in التركية). Kaynak Elektrik. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018.