الأبجدية التركية

الأبجدية التركية المستخدمة حاليا هي أبجدية لاتينية تستخدم في كتابة اللغة التركية^[1] ، ومكتشف اللغة التركية الحديثة هو الأرمني هاكوب مارتايان. وتتألف من 29 حرفاً، سبعةٌ منها (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) قد تم تعديلها من أصول لاتينية وفقا للمتطلبات الصوتية في اللغة. تم اختراع هذه الأبجدية واعتمادها في القرن العشرين بالتزامن مع صعود وانتصار القومية التركية الغربية.^[2]

هذه الأبجدية هي لفظية تقريبا وهو ما يعني أننا يمكننا لفظها بقرائتها فقط، ولكن يوجد بعض المخالفات والحالات الشاذة.

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الحروف

اللغة التركية تحوي 29 حرفا وهي:

Capital letters
A	B	C	Ç	D	E	F	G	Ğ	H	I	İ	J	K	L	M	N	O	Ö	P	R	S	Ş	T	U	Ü	V	Y	Z
Lower case letters
a	b	c	ç	d	e	f	g	ğ	h	ı	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	ö	p	r	s	ş	t	u	ü	v	y	z

Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the other 21 are consonants.

الأصوات

Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker.

التركية		IPA	الإنگليزية approximation	Turkish		IPA	الإنگليزية approximation
A	a	/a/	As a in father	M	m	/m/	As m in man
B	b	/b/	As b in boy	N	n	/n/	As n in nice
C	c	/d͡ʒ/	As j in joy	O	o	/o/	As o in more
Ç	ç	/t͡ʃ/	As ch in chair	Ö	ö	/ø/	As ur in nurse, with lips rounded
D	d	/d/	As d in dog	P	p	/p/	As p in pin
E	e	/e/^{[decimal 1]}	As e in red	R	r	/ɾ/	As tt in better^{[decimal 2]}
F	f	/f/	As f in far	S	s	/s/	As s in song
G	g	/ɡ/, /ɟ/^{[decimal 3]}	As g in got	Ş	ş	/ʃ/	As sh in show
Ğ	ğ	/ː/, /‿/, /j/	^{[decimal 4]}	T	t	/t/	As t in tick
H	h	/h/	As h in hot	U	u	/u/	As oo in zoo
I	ı	/ɯ/	As e in open	Ü	ü	/y/	As u in cute
İ	i	/i/	As ee in feet	V	v	/v/	As v in vat
J	j	/ʒ/	As s in measure	Y	y	/j/	As y in yes
K	k	/k/, /c/^{[decimal 3]}	As k in kit	Z	z	/z/	As za in zigzag
L	l	/ɫ/, /l/^{[decimal 3]}	As l in love

^ /e/ is realized as [æ] in some cases before coda /m, n, l, r/. E.g. gelmek [ɡæɫˈmec], but gel [ˈɟɛl].
^ The alveolar tap /ɾ/ doesn't exist as a separate phoneme in English, though a similar sound appears in words like butter in a number of dialects.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت In native Turkic words, the velar consonants /k, ɡ/ are palatalized to [c, ɟ] when adjacent to the front vowels /e, i, ø, y/. Similarly, the consonant /l/ is realized as a clear or light [l] next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized [ɫ] next to the central and back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/. These alternations are not indicated orthographically: the same letters ⟨k⟩, ⟨g⟩, and ⟨l⟩ are used for both pronunciations. In foreign borrowings and proper nouns, however, these distinct realizations of /k, ɡ, l/ are contrastive. In particular, [c, ɟ] and clear [l] are sometimes found in conjunction with the vowels [a] and [u]. This pronunciation can be indicated by adding a circumflex accent over the vowel: e.g. gâvur ('infidel'), mahkûm ('condemned'), lâzım ('necessary'), although this diacritic's usage has been increasingly archaic.
^ 1 – Before a vowel: ‿ or [j] as sandhi^{[مطلوب توضيح]} for back vowels and front vowels, respectively, in the standard dialect. That is Erdoğan /ˈeɾdo‿an/ and değil [ˈdejil]. 2 – In other cases: Lengthening of the preceding vowel. E.g. bağ [ˈbaː]. 3 – There is also a rare, dialectal occurrence of [ɰ], in Eastern and lower Ankara dialects.

المصادر

^ Zürcher, Erik Jan. Turkey: a modern history, p. 188. I.B.Tauris, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6
^ Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Tahir. The politics and poetics of translation in Turkey, 1923-1960, pp. 53-54. Rodopi, 2008. ISBN 978-90-420-2329-1

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Turkish language

الكلمات الدالة:

[footnote1-3] /e/ is realized as [æ] in some cases before coda /m, n, l, r/. E.g. gelmek [ɡæɫˈmec], but gel [ˈɟɛl].

[footnote3-4] The alveolar tap /ɾ/ doesn't exist as a separate phoneme in English, though a similar sound appears in words like butter in a number of dialects.

[footnote4-5] أ ^ب ^ت In native Turkic words, the velar consonants /k, ɡ/ are palatalized to [c, ɟ] when adjacent to the front vowels /e, i, ø, y/. Similarly, the consonant /l/ is realized as a clear or light [l] next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized [ɫ] next to the central and back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/. These alternations are not indicated orthographically: the same letters ⟨k⟩, ⟨g⟩, and ⟨l⟩ are used for both pronunciations. In foreign borrowings and proper nouns, however, these distinct realizations of /k, ɡ, l/ are contrastive. In particular, [c, ɟ] and clear [l] are sometimes found in conjunction with the vowels [a] and [u]. This pronunciation can be indicated by adding a circumflex accent over the vowel: e.g. gâvur ('infidel'), mahkûm ('condemned'), lâzım ('necessary'), although this diacritic's usage has been increasingly archaic.

[footnote2-6] 1 – Before a vowel: ‿ or [j] as sandhi^{[مطلوب توضيح]} for back vowels and front vowels, respectively, in the standard dialect. That is Erdoğan /ˈeɾdo‿an/ and değil [ˈdejil]. 2 – In other cases: Lengthening of the preceding vowel. E.g. bağ [ˈbaː]. 3 – There is also a rare, dialectal occurrence of [ɰ], in Eastern and lower Ankara dialects.

[Zürcher-188-1] Zürcher, Erik Jan. Turkey: a modern history, p. 188. I.B.Tauris, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85043-399-6

[2] Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Tahir. The politics and poetics of translation in Turkey, 1923-1960, pp. 53-54. Rodopi, 2008. ISBN 978-90-420-2329-1

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