ستراتيگوس
ستراتيگوس Strategos أو strategus، وصيغة الجمع منها ستراتيگوي strategoi، (باليونانية: στρατηγός, pl. στρατηγοί؛ اليونانية الدورية: στραταγός, ستراتاگوس؛ تعني "قائد الجيش") مستخدمة في اليونانية لتعني جنرال عسكري. في العالم الهليني و الامبراطورية البيزنطية، كان التعبير مستخدماً أيضاً لوصف "حاكم عسكري". في الجيش الهليني (الحالي)، فاللقب هو أعلى رتبة فيه.
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أصل الكلمة
ستراتيگوس تتكون من كلمتين يونانيتين: stratos and agos. Stratos (στρατός) means "army", literally "that which is spread out", coming from the proto-Indo-European root *stere- "to spread". Agos (ἀγός) means "leader"، من agein (ἄγειν) "to lead", from the proto-Ιndo-Εuropean root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move”.[1]
اليونان الكلاسيكية
أثينا
في مسينا
مدينة مسينا في صقلية كان لها أيضاً ستراتيگوس. في 1345 أورلاندو داراگونا، الابن غير الشرعي لفردريك الثاني من صقلية، شغل هذا المنصب.
الاستخدام الحديث
In the modern Hellenic Army, a stratigós (the spelling remains στρατηγός) is the highest officer rank. The superior rank of stratárchis (Field Marshal) existed under the monarchy, but has not been retained by the current Third Hellenic Republic. Under the monarchy, the rank of full stratigós in active service was reserved for the King and a few other members of the royal family, with very few retired career officers promoted to the rank as an honorary rank. Since ح. 1970, in accordance with NATO practice for the member nations' chiefs of defence, the rank is held in active service by the Chief of the General Staff of National Defence, when he is an Army officer, and is granted to the retiring Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff.
All but one of the other Greek general officer ranks are derivations of this word: antistrátigos and ypostrátigos, for Lieutenant General and Major General, respectively. A Brigadier General however is called taxíarchos, after a táxis (in modern usage taxiarchía), which means brigade. The ranks of antistrátigos and ypostrátigos are also used by the Hellenic Police (and the Greek Gendarmerie before), the Greek Fire Service and the Cypriot National Guard, which lack the grade of full stratigós.
استخدامات خيالية
The oldest use of the term strategos in fiction may be found in the كاليروى Callirhoe في خاريتون من أفروديسياس which is dated in the first century A.D. There, Hermocrates is the "strategos" of Syracuse and the father of Callirhoe, living in the 5th century B.C. In fact, he was a historical person, the victor over the Athenians in 413 B.C., an event which stopped Athenian expansion to the West. His role as a character in the novel is rather limited. Although his position in Syracuse gives Callirhoe a background, and he gives consent to her marriage and fulfills a few official duties, his legal or constitutional position is not very clear.
This position was featured in Orson Scott Card's novel Ender's Game. In the novel, the position of Strategos was charged with overall command of solar system defense. The Strategos, along with the positions of Polemarch (responsible for the International Fleet of space warships), and the Hegemon (the political leader of Earth, rather like a stronger version of the Secretary-General of the United Nations), was one of the three most powerful people alive. During an earlier war described in the novel, because of a belief in their inherent luck and brilliance—specifically, that no Jewish general had ever lost a war—all three positions were filled with Jewish people: an American Jew as Hegemon, an Israeli Jew as Strategos, and a Russian Jew as Polemarch. The defeat of the Formics by half-Māori Mazer Rackham changed this position. Bean (Julian Delphiki) was given the title of Strategos by Peter Wiggin after he assumed the role of Hegemon. The prequel novel Earth Awakens establishes that the position of Strategos was named after the Strategoi, a group of international military commanders in charge of the Mobile Operations Police, which served as the model for the newly created International Fleet. The first Strategos was Lieutenant Colonel Yulian Robinov of the Russian Ministry of Defense, who served as the chair of the Strategoi during the First Invasion.
The dystopian slave-empire of the Draka, in the series of books by S. M. Stirling, also uses "Strategos" together with many other military ranks and terms drawn from Classical Antiquity, though often with only the loosest resemblance to what they originally meant.
The position of 'Strategos' was also featured in the English-language version of the Sunrise anime The Vision of Escaflowne; the character Folken occupied the position when he served the Zaibach empire.
It is also used in Ava's Demon for Strategos Six.
المراجع
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
المصادر
- Hamel, Debra (1998). Athenian Generals: Military Authority in the Classical Period. Leiden.
- Hansen, M. H. (1987). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Oxford.
- Krsmanović, Bojana (2008). The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd edition. (1996). "strategoi".
- Roberts, John. (2005). Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford.
وصلات خارجية
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)
