المعرفة

نيقولاي يورگا

(تم التحويل من Nicolae Iorga)

نيقولاي يورگا (Nicolae Iorga ؛ النطق بالرومانية: [nikoˈla.e ˈjorɡa]; sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;[1] January 17, 1871 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright. Co-founder (in 1910) of the Democratic Nationalist Party (PND), he served as a member of Parliament, President of the Deputies' Assembly and Senate, cabinet minister and briefly (1931–32) as Prime Minister. A child prodigy, polymath and polyglot, Iorga produced an unusually large body of scholarly works, consecrating his international reputation as a medievalist, Byzantinist, Latinist, Slavist, art historian and philosopher of history. Holding teaching positions at the University of Bucharest, the University of Paris and several other academic institutions, Iorga was founder of the International Congress of Byzantine Studies and the Institute of South-East European Studies (ISSEE). His activity also included the transformation of Vălenii de Munte town into a cultural and academic center.

Nicolae Iorga
Iorga at his desk Luceaferul 2, 1914.jpg
Nicolae Iorga in 1914 (photograph published in Luceafărul)
Prime Minister of Romania
العاهل Carol II
سبقه Gheorghe Mironescu
خلفه Alexandru Vaida-Voievod
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد (1871-01-17)يناير 17, 1871
Botoșani, Kingdom of Romania
توفي نوفمبر 27, 1940(1940-11-27) (aged 69)
Strejnic, Kingdom of Romania
القومية Romanian
الحزب Democratic Nationalist Party
الزوج Maria Tasu (div.)
Ecaterina Bogdan
الدين Romanian Orthodox
التوقيع

In parallel with his scientific contributions, Nicolae Iorga was a prominent right-of-center activist, whose political theory bridged conservatism, Romanian nationalism, and agrarianism. From Marxist beginnings, he switched sides and became a maverick disciple of the Junimea movement. Iorga later became a leadership figure at Sămănătorul, the influential literary magazine with populist leanings, and militated within the Cultural League for the Unity of All Romanians, founding vocally conservative publications such as Neamul Românesc, Drum Drept, Cuget Clar and Floarea Darurilor. His support for the cause of ethnic Romanians in Austria-Hungary made him a prominent figure in the pro-Entente camp by the time of World War I, and ensured him a special political role during the interwar existence of Greater Romania. Initiator of large-scale campaigns to defend Romanian culture in front of perceived threats, Iorga sparked most controversy with his antisemitic rhetoric, and was for long an associate of the far right ideologue A. C. Cuza. He was an adversary of the dominant National Liberals, later involved with the opposition Romanian National Party.

Late in his life, Iorga opposed the radically fascist Iron Guard, and, after much oscillation, came to endorse its rival King Carol II. Involved in a personal dispute with the Guard's leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, and indirectly contributing to his killing, Iorga was also a prominent figure in Carol's corporatist and authoritarian party, the National Renaissance Front. He remained an independent voice of opposition after the Guard inaugurated its own National Legionary dictatorship, but was ultimately assassinated by a Guardist commando.

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سيرته

طفولة عبقرية وتعسكر ماركسي

 
منزل يورگا التذكاري في بوتوشاني


الدراسة في الخارج

 
صفحة العنوان من توماس الثالث، ماركيز سالوسس، 1893
 
صفحة العنوان من كتاب يورگا فيليپ دى ميزيير، في نسخة 1896.

نيقولاي يورگا من أكبر المؤرخين الرومانيين الذين كتبوا عن التاريخ الروماني والتاريخ العثماني، حيث وضع أكثر من كتاب عن التاريخ العثماني أكبرهم في 5 مجلدات كبار بعنوان "تاريخ الإمبراطورية العثمانية" تشمل تاريخ الدولة من بدايتها حتى عام 1912، ووضعه أولًا باللغة الألمانية وترجم لاحقًا للتركية بتقديم الراحل د.خليل إينالجيك حيث أثنى الدكتور خليل على الكتاب في تقريظه له، ووصفه بالمؤرخ الروماني الكبير الذي لا يعتمد على مصادر اعتيادية بل مصادر فريدة في كتابة التاريخ العثماني، كما تحدث عنه د. إلبير أورطةإيلي في كتابه العثمانيون في ثلاث قارات ووصفه أيضًا بصفات مشابهة.


Sămănătorul and 1906 riot

 
Cover of Sămănătorul, March 1905. The table of contents credits Iorga as an editorialist and political columnist


Neamul Românesc, Peasants' Revolt and Vălenii de Munte

 
Cover of Neamul Românesc, November 1907
 
Istoria bisericii românești, original edition


يورگا وأزمة البلقان

 
غلاف Drum Drept، العدد رقم 48–52، بتاريخ 31 ديسمبر 1915


ملجأ ياشي

 
مقال يورگا حول العلاقات الروسية الرومانية، نشر في ياشي، 1917

خلق رومانيا الكبرى

International initiatives and American journey

 
Title page of Iorga's Histoire des états balcaniques jusqu'a 1924 (1925)
 
Iorga in Versailles, 1928 photograph



رئيساً للوزراء

 
يورگا في جامعة پاريس، يتسلم دكتوراه Honoris Causa



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نزاعات أواسط ع1930

 
Cover of Cuget Clar, issue no. 34, dated March 2, 1939

التقاعد في 1937 ومحاكمات كودريانو

 
Crown Councillor Iorga and Prime Minister Armand Călinescu in National Renaissance Front uniforms (May 10, 1939)

اغتيال يورگا

The year 1940 saw the collapse of Carol II's regime. The unexpected cession of Bessarabia to the Soviets shocked Romanian society and greatly angered Iorga.[2][3] At the two sessions of the Crown Council held on June 27, he was one of six (out of 21) members to reject the Soviet ultimatum demanding Bessarabia's handover, instead calling vehemently for armed resistance.[2] Later, the Nazi-mediated Second Vienna Award made Northern Transylvania a part of Hungary. This loss sparked a political and moral crisis, eventually leading to the establishment of a National Legionary State with Ion Antonescu as Conducător and the Iron Guard as a governing political force. In the wake of this reshuffling, Iorga decided to close down his Neamul Românesc, explaining: "When a defeat is registered, the flag is not surrendered, but its fabric is wrapped around the heart. The heart of our struggle was the national cultural idea."[4] Perceived as Codreanu's murderer, he received renewed threats from the Iron Guard, including hate mail, attacks in the movement's press (Buna Vestire and Porunca Vremii)[5] and tirades from the Guardist section in Vălenii.[6] He further antagonized the new government by stating his attachment to the abdicated royal.[7]

Nicolae Iorga was forced out of Bucharest (where he owned a new home in Dorobanți quarter)[8] and Vălenii de Munte by the massive earthquake of November. He then moved to Sinaia, where he gave the finishing touches to his book Istoriologia umană ("Human Historiology").[9] He was kidnapped by a Guardist squad, the best-known member of which was agricultural engineer Traian Boeru,[10] on the afternoon of November 27, and killed in the vicinity of Strejnic (some distance from the city of Ploiești). He was shot at some nine times in all, with 7.65 mm and 6.35 mm handguns.[11] Iorga's killing is often mentioned in tandem with that of agrarian politician Virgil Madgearu, kidnapped and murdered by the Guardists on the same night, and with the Jilava Massacre (during which Carol II's administrative apparatus was decimated).[12] These acts of retribution, placed in connection with the discovery and reburial of Codreanu's remains, were carried out independently by the Guard, and enhanced tensions between it and Antonescu.[13]

Iorga's death caused much consternation among the general public, and was received with particular concern by the academic community. Forty-seven universities worldwide flew their flags at half-staff.[11] A funeral speech was delivered by the exiled French historian Henri Focillon, from New York City, calling Iorga "one of those legendary personalities planted, for eternity, in the soil of a country and the history of human intelligence."[11] At home, the Iron Guard banned all public mourning, excepting an obituary in Universul daily and a ceremony hosted by the Romanian Academy.[14] The final oration was delivered by philosopher Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, who noted, in terms akin to those used by Focillon, that the murdered scientist had stood for "our nation's intellectual prowess", "the full cleverness and originality of the Romanian genius".[15]

Iorga's remains were buried at Bellu, in Bucharest, on the same day as Madgearu's funeral—the attendants, who included some of the surviving interwar politicians and foreign diplomats, defied the Guard's ban with their presence.[16] Iorga's last texts, recovered by his young disciple G. Brătescu, were kept by literary critic Șerban Cioculescu and published at a later date.[17] Gheorghe Brătianu later took over Iorga's position at the South-East Europe Institute[18] and the Institute of World History (known as Nicolae Iorga Institute from 1941).[19]

نظرة سياسية

المحافظة والوطنية

معاداة السامية

 
كذبة أبريل. في 1 أبريل، المجتمع اليهودي في بوهوشي وثق في السيد يورگا فأعطاه منصب حاخام في تلك البلدة. (كرتون 1910 رسمه يون تيودورسكو-سيون)

جيوپوليتيكا

 
رومانيا الكبرى و الوفاق الصغير (بالأخضر الفاتح)، مع عدوهم الإسمي، مجر الوصاية


العمل العلمي

سمعة يورگا كعبقري

 
Iorga's shorthand method: a fragment from his private notes


يورگا وبزوغ العرق الروماني

 
Radu I of Wallachia's remains, as uncovered in 1920 (thought by Iorga to belong to Basarab I)


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الدراسات البيزنطية والعثمانية


الناقد الثقافي

البدايات

 
فتيات يرتدين فستان روماني. Nadia Bulighin's illustration to Iorga's conferences "on the Romanian nation" (1927)

العمل الأدبي

ذكراه

 
Nicolae Iorga's portrait on a Romanian bill, 2005


الهامش

  1. ^ Iova, p. xxvii.
  2. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ihstere2
  3. ^ Brătescu, p. 77
  4. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ivliv
  5. ^ Ornea (1995), p. 335. See also Iova, p. liii
  6. ^ Brătescu, p. 79
  7. ^ Neubauer, p. 164
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة apbucurestii
  9. ^ Iova, p. lv. See also Brătescu, pp. 81, 84; Nastasă (2007), p. 126
  10. ^ Veiga, p. 310
  11. ^ أ ب ت Iova, p. lv
  12. ^ Brătescu, p. 82; Crampton, p. 118; Deletant, pp. 60–61; Ornea (1995), pp. 19, 196, 209–210, 339–341, 347, 357; Veiga, pp. 292–295, 309–310; Seton-Watson, pp. 214–215
  13. ^ Deletant, pp. 60–61; Ornea (1995), pp. 339–343
  14. ^ Iova, pp. lv–lvi. See also Ornea (1995), pp. 340–341
  15. ^ Iova, pp. lv–lvi
  16. ^ Brătescu, p. 82
  17. ^ Brătescu, p. 83
  18. ^ Nastasă (2007), p. 49
  19. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة so&gh64

References

وصلات خارجية

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قالب:Chairman Senate Romania قالب:President Chamber of Deputies Romania قالب:RomanianInteriorMinisters قالب:Iorga Cabinet

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