أبلاست كالوگا
اوبلاست كالوگا (روسية: Калу́жская о́бласть, Kaluzhskaya oblast) هي إحدى الكيانات الفدرالية في روسيا. وتضم المدن والقرى التالية: بالابانوفو، بوروفسك، كالوغا، كيروف، كالوغا أوبلاست، كوندروفو، كوزلسك، ليودينوفو، مالوياروسلفتس، مدين، ميشتشوفسك، موسالسك، اوبنينسك، سوسنسكاي، سباس-دمينسك، سوخينيتشي، تاريوسا، يوخنوف، جيزدرا، جوكوف،
اوبلاست كالوگا Kaluga Oblast | |
|---|---|
| Калужская область | |
 | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| النشيد: Anthem of Kaluga Oblast[1] | |
 | |
| الإحداثيات: 54°26′N 35°26′E / 54.433°N 35.433°ECoordinates: 54°26′N 35°26′E / 54.433°N 35.433°E | |
| البلد | روسيا |
| المنطقة الاتحادية | الوسطى[2] |
| المنطقة الاقتصادية | الوسطى[3] |
| تأسست | July 5, 1944[4] |
| المركز الإداري | كالوگا[5] |
| الحكومة | |
| • الكيان | Legislative Assembly[6] |
| • Governor[8] | Vladislav Shapsha[7] |
| المساحة | |
| • Total | 29٬800 كم² (11٬500 ميل²) |
| ترتيب المساحة | 64th |
| التعداد (2010 Census)[10] | |
| • Total | 1٬010٬930 |
| • Estimate (2018) | 1٬012٬156 (+0٫1%) |
| • الترتيب | 51st |
| • الكثافة | 34/km2 (88/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 76٫3% |
| • الريف | 23٫7% |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+3 (توقيت موسكو  [11]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-KLU |
| لوحات السيارات | 40 |
| OKTMO ID | 29000000 |
| اللغات الرسمية | الروسية[12] |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | http://www.admobl.kaluga.ru/ |
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الجغرافيا
Kaluga Oblast lies in the central part of the East European Plain. The oblast's territory is located between the Central Russian Upland (with and average elevation of above 200 metres (660 ft) and a maximum elevation of 275 metres (902 ft) in the southeast), the Smolensk–Moscow Upland and the Dnieper–Desna watershed. Most of the oblast is occupied by plains, fields and forests with diverse flora and fauna. The administrative center is located on the Baryatino-Sukhinichy plain. The western part of the oblast — located within the drift plain — is dominated by the Spas-Demensk ridge. To the south is an outwash plain that is part of the Bryansk-Zhizdra woodlands, with average elevation up to 200 m.
From north to south, Kaluga Oblast extends for more than 220 km (140 mi), from 53°30′ to 55°30′ north latitude, and east to west – for 220 km. Its area is 29,800 square kilometres (11,500 sq mi).
The oblast's territory is crossed by major international motor and railways, linking Kaluga with Moscow, بريانسك، كييڤ، لڤيڤ و وارسو.
Kaluga Oblast borders on:
- Bryansk Oblast to the south-west
- Oryol Oblast to the south
- Tula Oblast to the east
- Moscow Oblast to the north-east
- Smolensk Oblast to the north-west
- the federal city of Moscow (from July 1, 2012)
المناخ
The climate of Kaluga Oblast is moderately continental with distinct seasons: warm and humid summers, and cold winters with stable snow-cover. The average temperature in July is +18 °C (64 °F) in north and +20 °C (68 °F) in south, and in January −11 °C (12 °F) in northeast and −8 °C (18 °F) in southwest. The duration of the warm period (with the average temperatures above zero) is 215–220 days. The territory of the oblast is exposed to a substantial amount of solar radiation — around 115 Kcal per cm2. The average annual air temperature varies from 3.5–4.0 °C (38.3–39.2 °F) in the north and the north-east to up to 4.0–4.6 °C (39.2–40.3 °F) in the west and the east of the oblast. The duration of the frost-free season is 113 to 127 days. The northern part of the oblast is the coldest, while the central part is moderately cold. In the south, in the zone of forest steppes, the climate is relatively warm. Precipitation is distributed unevenly, varying from 780 to 826 millimetres (30.7–32.5 in) in the north and the west and up to 690–760 millimetres (27–30 in) in the south.
Hydrography
The Oka is the main river in the oblast's river system. Other rivers include the Ugra, the Zhizdra, the Protva, and the Vorya. Large lakes: Bezdon and Svyatoye.
Vegetation
اعتبارا من 2006[تحديث] the total area occupied by forests is around 1,380,000 ha (5,300 sq mi, 46% of the territory of the oblast). As of the beginning of 2005, agricultural lands occupied an area of 1,350,000 ha (5,200 sq mi, 44% of the territory). The main crops grown include forage cereals, potatoes, vegetables, and feed grains (wheat, barley, rye, oats, buckwheat), and fiber-flax.
الوحيش
Mammals include typical forest animals: brown bear, lynx, elk, wolf, polar hare, and squirrel. The south of the oblast is sometimes visited by bison that were recently released into the Orlovskoye Polesye national park. Aquatic fauna includes two kinds of lamprey and 41 species of bony fish. The diversity of fish is explained by the variety of habitats. Among 11 kinds of amphibians, the most common are crested and common newts, red-bellied, common and green toads, and various lake, pool, moor and grass frogs. Reptiles are represented by 7 species, including snakes: the venomous adder and the harmless water snake and smooth snake.
There are 267 types of birds registered as visiting the oblast, including 177 to nest, 58 to migrate and 32 to occasionally transit. The most significant bird-of-prey habitats are located in the Kaluzhskiye Zaseki Nature Reserve and the interfluve of the Vytebet and the Resseta. The largest populations are: waterfowl - mallard; semi-aquatic – black-headed gull; in forest – chaffinch, chiffchaff; along river banks – sand martin; in settlements – feral pigeon, common swift, rook, tree sparrow.
Conservation and ecological condition
According to the governmental report On the Status of the Environment and Its Conservation in the Russian Federation published by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Kaluga Oblast is one of the most ecologically pure regions of the Central Federal District. There are several successful eco-settlements: the nature reserve Kaluzhskiye Zaseki, the Ugra National Park, the Tarusa natural reserve, and the Kaluzhski Bor natural sanctuary.
The Chernobyl disaster resulted in radioactive contamination in the oblast's south and southwest. Radiation monitoring is conducted in nine districts. The radiation background complies with the established radiation situation.
التاريخ
The territory of Kaluga Oblast has been inhabited since ancient times. Through the province of Kaluga flows the Tarusa River, which could give an indication of the history and origin of the Russian people. The oldest human sites discovered by archeologists date back to the Mesolithic period (10,000–6,000 BC). The first mentions of Kaluga's towns are associated with events in the 12th century, specifically, the feudal war between the Olegovichi and the Monomakhovichi (Kozelsk - 1146, Serensk - 1147, Vorotynsk -1155, Mosalsk - 1231).
In the 14th century, Kaluga lands were places of constant confrontations between Lithuania and Moscow. Traditionally, it is considered that Kaluga was established as a frontier settlement to protect the Moscow principality from Lithuania's attacks. Around half of the current province with the western and southern parts and the towns of Kozelsk, Mosalsk, Meshchovsk,[13] Serpeysk,[14] Peremyshl and Vorotynsk[15] were part of Lithuania in the late 14th-15th centuries.
Between 1480–1481, Kaluga's territory was the place of the Great Stand on the Ugra River, resulting in the liberation of Russian lands from the Tatar yoke, and Moscow's transformation into a sovereign state.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, with active development of trade and crafts, the city advanced in the arts of wood-carving and jewelry-making. After the reunification of Russia and Ukraine in 1654, Kaluga's role as a trade intermediary between Moscow and Ukraine contributed also to its economic development.
On August 24, 1776, Catherine the Great issued a decree establishing Kaluga Viceroyalty to unite the Kaluga and Tula Governorates. The center of the viceroyalty acquired a new image. In 1795, during the rule of Paul I, the Kaluga Viceroyalty was transformed into a governorate.
During World War II, Kozelsk housed a Soviet prisoner-of-war camp for Poles, captured during the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, who were then murdered in the Katyn massacre in 1940. In 1941, the territory was captured by Nazi Germany, and then was liberated from German occupation by the Soviet Army's 10th, 16th, 33rd, 43rd, 49th, 50th, and 61st Armies, the 20th Tank Brigade, 1st Air Army, 1st Cavalry Corps, and the Normandy squadron.
The modern oblast was founded in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on July 5, 1944. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kaluga Oblast became a federal subject of the Russian Federation. In March 1996, the Charter of Kaluga Oblast was adopted.
السكان
| التعداد التاريخي | ||
|---|---|---|
| السنة | تعداد | ±% |
| 1897 | 1٬132٬843 | — |
| 1926 | 1٬151٬591 | +1.7% |
| 1959 | 935٬852 | −18.7% |
| 1970 | 994٬876 | +6.3% |
| 1979 | 1٬006٬973 | +1.2% |
| 1989 | 1٬066٬833 | +5.9% |
| 2002 | 1٬041٬641 | −2.4% |
| 2010 | 1٬010٬930 | −2.9% |
| 2021 | 1٬069٬904 | +5.8% |
| Source: Census data | ||
1٬069٬904 (تعداد 2021)؛[16] 1٬010٬930 (تعداد 2010);[10] 1٬041٬641 (تعداد 2002);[17] 1٬066٬833 (تعداد 1989).[18]
Vital statistics for 2022:[19][20]
- Births: 8,462 (8.4 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 15,307 (15.2 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[21]
1.34 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[22]
Total — 69.16 years (male — 64.31, female — 74.12)
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Settlements
أكبر المدن أو البلدات في Kaluga Oblast
2010 Russian Census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الترتيب | Administrative Division | التعداد | |||||||
 Kaluga  Obninsk |
1 | Kaluga | City of oblast significance of Kaluga | 324,698 |  Lyudinovo  Kirov | ||||
| 2 | Obninsk | City of oblast significance of Obninsk | 104,739 | ||||||
| 3 | Lyudinovo | Lyudinovsky District | 40,530 | ||||||
| 4 | Kirov | Kirovsky District | 31,882 | ||||||
| 5 | Maloyaroslavets | Maloyaroslavetsky District | 30,392 | ||||||
| 6 | Balabanovo | Borovsky District | 26,337 | ||||||
| 7 | Kozelsk | Kozelsky District | 18,245 | ||||||
| 8 | Kondrovo | Dzerzhinsky District | 16,672 | ||||||
| 9 | Sukhinichi | Sukhinichsky District | 16,273 | ||||||
| 10 | Tovarkovo | Dzerzhinsky District | 14,496 | ||||||
Population
In 2021, Kaluga Oblast had a population of 1,069,904.[16] Previously, according to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of the oblast was 1,010,930;[10] down from 1,041,641 recorded in the 2002 Census,[23] and further down from 1,066,833 recorded in the 1989 Census.[24]
Ethnic composition (2021)[25]
| Ethnic Groups | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 906,533 | 90.4% |
| Tajiks | 18,715 | 1.9% |
| Armenians | 12,519 | 1.2% |
| Uzbeks | 12,084 | 1.2% |
| Ukrainians | 8,848 | 0.9% |
| Others | 44,656 | 4.5% |
| Ethnicity not stated | 66,549 | – |
Religion
Kaluga Oblast is a centre of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) movement, being the headquarters of the Union of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnover) Communities (Союз Славянских Общин Славянской Родной Веры) located in Kaluga city. The region has many temples dedicated to the Slavic gods.
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ Law #423-OZ
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (گوستاندارت of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER).
- ^ Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 3.2
- ^ Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 4.4
- ^ Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 18.1
- ^ Official website of the Governor of Kaluga Oblast. Anatoly Dmitriyevich Artamonov (in روسية)
- ^ Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 26.1
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in الروسية). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
- ^ أ ب ت Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in الروسية). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ الرسمية في جميع أرجاء روسيا الاتحادية حسب الفقرة 68.1 من دستور روسيا.
- ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VI (in البولندية). Warszawa. 1885. p. 262.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom X (in البولندية). Warszawa. 1889. p. 457.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XIII (in البولندية). Warszawa. 1893. p. 960.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ أ ب invalid reference parameter
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
{{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [Total fertility rate]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in الروسية). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in الروسية). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года[All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
المصادر
- Законодательное Собрание Калужской области. №473 27 марта 1996 г. «Устав Калужской области», в ред. Закона №681-ОЗ от 27 февраля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав Калужской области». (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. #473 March 27, 1996 Charter of Kaluga Oblast, as amended by the Law #681-OZ of February 27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of Kaluga Oblast).
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وصلات خارجية
- Official website of Kaluga Oblast (بالروسية)
- Official website of Anatoly Artamonov, Governor of Kaluga Oblast (بالروسية)