ير
يـَر (Hyères ؛ النطق الفرنسي: [jɛːʁ])، Provençal Occitan: Ieras in classical norm, or Iero in Mistralian norm) هي commune في إقليم ڤار في منطقة Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur في جنوب شرق فرنسا.
ير Hyères | |
|---|---|
 A hillside view of the town | |
 Coat of arms | |
Location of ير Hyères  | |
  ير Hyères  ير Hyères | |
| الإحداثيات: 43°07′12″N 6°07′54″E / 43.1199°N 6.1316°ECoordinates: 43°07′12″N 6°07′54″E / 43.1199°N 6.1316°E | |
| البلد | فرنسا |
| المنطقة | پروڤنس-ألپ-كوت دازور |
| الإقليم | Var |
| الدائرة | Toulon |
| الكانتون | ير و لا كرو |
| بينالتجمعات | Métropole Toulon Provence Méditerranée |
| المساحة 1 | 132٫28 كم² (51٫07 ميل²) |
| التعداد (2017-01-01) | 55٬588 |
| • الكثافة | 420/km2 (1٬100/sq mi) |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/الرمز البريدي | 83069 /83400 |
| المنسوب | 0–325 m (0–1,066 ft) |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
The old town lies 4 km (2.5 mi) from the sea clustered around the Castle of Saint Bernard, which is set on a hill. Between the old town and the sea lies the pine-covered hill of Costebelle, which overlooks the peninsula of Giens. Hyères is the oldest resort on the French Riviera.[1]
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التاريخ
أولبيا الهلينية
المدينة الهلينية أولبيا[2] was refounded on the Phoenician settlement that dated to the fourth century BC; Olbia is mentioned by the geographer Strabo (IV.1.5) as a city of the Massiliotes that was fortified "against the tribe of the Salyes and against those Ligures who live in the Alps". Greek and Roman antiquities have been found in the area. The first reference to the town dates from 964.[3]
العصور الوسطى
في الأصل كانت من أملاك ڤايكونت مارسيليا، ثم انتقلت إلى شارل من أنجو. لويس التاسع ملك فرنسا (الذي كثيراً ما يُعرف بإسم "القديس لويس") هبط في يـَر في 1254 في طريق عودته من الحملات الصليبية.[3]
A commandry of the Knights Templar was based at the town in the 12th century, outside the town walls. The remaining remnant is the tower Saint-Blaise.[4]
البريطانيون والأمريكان في ير، من القرن 18 حتى مطلع القرن العشرين
Lord Albemarle, the British ambassador, stayed in Hyères during the winter 1767–1768, and Prince Augustus, sixth son of George III, stayed there in the winter of 1788 for health reasons. The English agronomist Arthur Young visited Hyères on the advice of Lady Craven on 10 September 1789. He mentioned the many British living there in his book Travels in France.[3] The London-born and Eton-educated Anglo-Grison Charles de Salis died in Hyères in July 1781, aged 45, and was buried in the Convent des Cordeliers.
In 1791, Charlotte Turner Smith published her novel Celestina, which is set in Hyères.[3] During the period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the British left the area, but they returned after 1815. Joseph Conrad, who lived for a while in Hyères, wrote his novel The Rover, which is set in Hyères, during those years.
William FitzRoy, 6th Duke of Grafton, spent the winter and spring each year at Hyères because he and his wife suffered from ill health. Edwin Lee M.D. published in 1857 a book on the virtues of the climate of Hyères for the recovery of pulmonary consumption[5] and in November 1880 Adolphe Smith first published The Garden of Hyères, which is still in print, (see Hachette edition of 2012).[6]
In 1883, Robert Louis Stevenson came to Hyères and for about two years lived first at the Grand Hotel (the building still stands in the Avenue des Iles d'Or), and then in a chalet called Solitude in the present rue Victor-Basch.[3] He wrote then: "That spot our garden and our view are sub-celestial. I sing daily with Bunian, that great bard. I dwell next door to Heaven!" In later years, he wrote from his retreat in Valima: "Happy (said I); I was only happy once; that was at Hyères".
In 1884, Elisabeth Douglas, daughter of Alfred, Lord Douglas, had a small "cottage", as she called it, built on the Costebelle hill by the architect Thomas Donaldson, who used to spend his winters in Hyères during those years.
Lord Arthur Somerset, formerly of the Royal Horse Guards and head of the stables to the future King Edward VII fled to Europe in 1889 to escape arrest after being associated with the Cleveland Street scandal. He spent his final 37 years living with his partner in a villa in Hyères.
The British presence culminated in the winter of 1892 (21 March – 25 April) when Queen Victoria came for a stay of three weeks[7] at the Albion Hotel. At that time, the British influence was so strong that shop signs were in both French and English. There was an English butcher, a chemist, two banks, and two golf courses. There were also two English churches (plus one at the Grand Hôtel in Costebelle), whose buildings still exist: All Saints' Church at Costebelle and Saint Paul's English Church, Avenue Beauregard.
Some signs of this English presence have vanished, like the small dell in the cemetery where there were once some hundred graves. Some of these, such as those of Lord Arthur Somerset or Richard John Meade, bore testimony to the aristocratic nature of the community. Other vestiges remain, like the fountain near the new public library in a square shaded by a plane tree. The inscription reads: "In loving memory of Marianne Stewart who died on 18 August 1900. She laboured many years in the cause of mercy to animals. Her last wish was that a drinking fountain should be set up for them in Hyères".
Many wounded British soldiers were sent to the town to convalesce during World War I.
The American novelist Edith Wharton wintered in Hyères annually from 1919 until her death in 1937. The garden of her villa, Castel Sainte-Claire, is open to the public. The villa previously belonged to Olivier Voutier, a French naval officer, whose grave is in the garden; it was Voutier who discovered the Venus de Milo in 1820 on the Aegean island of Milos.[3]
الجغرافيا
Its position facing the Mediterranean to the south makes it popular with tourists in the winter and makes it ideal for the cultivation of palm trees. About 100,000 trees are exported from the area each year.[بحاجة لمصدر] As a result, the town is frequently referred to as Hyères-les-Palmiers (palmiers meaning palm trees).
The three islands of the Îles d'Hyères (namely, Porquerolles, Port-Cros, and the Île du Levant) are just offshore. Porquerolles and Port-Cros form the Port-Cros National Park.
البلدة مساحتها البرية هي 132.38 كم².
المناخ
The city of Hyères has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen:Csa) and it's one of the warmest cities in France. Winters are relatively mild and summers are hot, with maximum temperatures often surpassing 30 °C (86 °F). It is also one of the driest cities in France, with barely 57 rainy days per year and almost rainless summers.
| بيانات مناخ ير (متوسطات 1981–2010، والقصوى 1959–الحاضر) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 23.0 (73.4) |
22.2 (72) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.2 (81) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.5 (97.7) |
42.3 (108.1) |
37.8 (100) |
36.5 (97.7) |
29.7 (85.5) |
25.0 (77) |
23.9 (75) |
42٫3 (108٫1) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 13.1 (55.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
25.0 (77) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
13.9 (57) |
19٫9 (67٫8) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 8.7 (47.7) |
8.9 (48) |
10.9 (51.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
15٫3 (59٫5) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 4.4 (39.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.8 (64) |
17.8 (64) |
15.2 (59.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10٫7 (51٫3) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -11.0 (12.2) |
-7.1 (19.2) |
-5.9 (21.4) |
-0.4 (31.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
-2.0 (28.4) |
-4.9 (23.2) |
−11٫0 (12٫2) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 79.1 (3.114) |
52.6 (2.071) |
40.7 (1.602) |
60.4 (2.378) |
40.6 (1.598) |
35.8 (1.409) |
7.5 (0.295) |
19.3 (0.76) |
55.4 (2.181) |
105.4 (4.15) |
81.3 (3.201) |
73.9 (2.909) |
652٫0 (25٫669) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.9 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 56٫8 |
| Avg. snowy days | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0٫9 |
| Source: Meteo France[8][9][10] | |||||||||||||
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البلدات التوأم
Hyères is twinned with Rottweil, Germany and with Koekelberg, Belgium.
الثقافة
Hyères is home to the Hyères International Fashion and Photography Festival, a huge fashion and art photography event that has taken place annually at the end of April since 1985. This festival was among the first to recognize the talents of Viktor & Rolf.
The city also plays host to the annual MIDI French Riviera Festival in July, a music festival now into its sixth episode. 2010's MIDI saw around 15 acts play at the Villa Noailles complex and brought the new 'MIDI Night' event to Almanarre Beach in the early hours of Sunday morning.
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ "Hyeres holidays self catering and short breaks – Book self-catering holidays in Hyeres". Cotedazurcollection.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-06-07. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ For other Greek cities bearing this name, see Olbia.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Hyères les palmiers – plus de 2000 ans d’histoire, 45330 Malesherbes: Image et Mémoire de Hyères et Centre de Culture et de la Documentation provençales, 1993, ISBN 2-9507432-0-X
- ^ Hyères, Pinterrest, accessed 7 August 2013
- ^ Notices sur Hyères et Cannes. Edwin Lee, M.D. 1857
- ^ Smith, Adolphe (November 1880), The Garden of Hyères – A Description of the Most Southern Port on the French Riviera, Carnarvon: The author, https://archive.org/details/b24758528/page/n5
- ^ London Illustrated News 19 March 1892
- ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Hyères" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Climat Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Hyeres (83)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
وصلات خارجية
- Free download of The Garden of Hyères on the site of the National French Library
- Official Tourist Office
- Official website (in French)
- Indiscretions from Hyères Unofficial website (in French)
- VillaNoailles- the site of Villa Noailles, an avant-garde villa turned cultural center, home of the Hyères Fashion and Photography Festival, MIDI French Riviera Festival, Design Parade and other events.
- MIDI French Riviera Festival - MIDI Music Festival