المعرفة

محاكمة التلمود

(تم التحويل من Disputation of Paris)

محاكمة التلمود ( Trial of the Talmud ؛ فرنسية: قالب:Italic correction) أو نزاع باريس (بالعبرية: משפט פריז‎؛ فرنسية: قالب:Italic correction)، هو سلسلة من النزاعات التي جرت في عام 1240 في بلاط الملك لويس التاسع بفرنسا. وقد تبِعت عمل نيكولا دونان، المتحول اليهودي إلى المسيحية الذي ترجم التلمود ودفع بـ 35 تهمة ضدها إلى الپاپا گريگوري التاسع بأخذ سلسلة من العبارات المجدفة عن يسوع و مريم العذراء والمسيحية.[1] أربعة حاخامات دافعوا عن التلمود ضد اتهامات دونان.

Disputation of Paris
Rashi's Talmud Commentary.jpg
An early printing of the Talmud (Ta'anit 9b); with commentary by Rashi.
الاسم الإنگليزيTrial of the Talmud
التاريخ12 يونيو 1240 (1240-06-12)
الموقعCourt of the reigning king of France, Louis IX
النوعنزاع
الموضوعFour rabbis defended the Talmud against Donin's accusations
النتائجTwenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were set on fire in the streets of Paris

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خلفية

As part of its evangelistic efforts, the Catholic Church sought to convert the Jews through debate. المسيحية الغربية في القرن 13 was developing its intellectual acumen and had assimilated the challenges of Aristotle through the works of Thomas Aquinas. In order to flex its intellectual muscle, the Church sought to engage the Jews in debate, hoping that the Jews would see what it considered the intellectual superiority of Christianity.[2]

Paul Johnson cites a significant difference between the Jewish and Christian sides of the debate. Christianity had developed a detailed theological system; the teachings were clear and therefore vulnerable to attack. Judaism had a relative absence of dogmatic theology; it did have many negative dogmas to combat idolatry but did not have a developed positive theology. "The Jews had a way of concentrating on life and pushing death—and its dogmas—into the background."[3]


المتنازعون

The debate started on 12 June 1240.[4][5] Nicholas Donin, a member of the Franciscan Order and a Jewish convert to Christianity, represented the Christian side. He had translated statements by Talmudic sages and pressed 35 charges against the Talmud as a whole to Pope Gregory IX by quoting a series of allegedly blasphemous passages about Christianity. He also selected what he said were injunctions of Talmudic sages permitting Jews to kill non-Jews, to deceive Christians, and to break promises made to them without scruples.[6][1] The other Christian members of the tribunal were queen Blanche of Castile, archbishop fr (Gauthier Le Cornu) of Sens,[7] bishop Guillaume d'Auvergne of Paris, inquisitor Henri de Cologne and the chancellor of the University of Paris, fr (Eudes de Châteauroux).

The Catholic Church had shown little interest in the Talmud until Donin presented his translation to Gregory IX. The Pope was surprised that the Jews relied on texts other than the Torah, and that those other texts contained alleged blasphemies against Christianity. This lack of interest also characterized the French monarchy which chiefly considered the Jews as a potential source of income before 1230.[8]

 
حرق نسخ من التلمود بناء على تعليمات البابا گريگوري التاسع.[9]
 
البابا گريگوري التاسع.

كان يخائيل بن يوسف، حاخام باريس، الخطيب الرئيسي بين مجموعة الحاخامات اليهود، بالإضافة إلى الحاخام موسى من كوكسي.

Rabbis Yechiel of Paris,[10] Moses of Coucy, Judah of Melun, and Samuel ben Solomon of Château-Thierry—four of the most distinguished rabbis of France—represented the Jewish side of the debate.[11]

المحاكمة

عُقدت المحاكمة في 25 يونيو 1240، في باريس ببلاط الملك الفرنسي لويس التاسع لبحث ذنب اليهود في قتل المسيح وفي خديعة كل الأغيار كما هو مذكور في التلمود حسب الادعاء. وقد انتهت المحاكمة بإدانة التلمود والأمر بحرق كل نسخه في أرجاء فرنسا.

The terms of the disputation demanded that the four rabbis defend the Talmud against Donin's accusations that it contained blasphemies against the Christian religion, attacks on Christians themselves, blasphemies against God, and obscene folklore. The attacks on Christianity were from passages referring to Jesus and Mary. There is a passage, for example, of someone named Yeshu who was sent to hell to be boiled in excrement for eternity. The Jews denied that this is the Jesus of the New Testament, stating "not every Louis born in France is king."[12]

Among the obscene folklore is a story that Adam copulated with each of the animals before finding Eve. Noah, according to the Talmudic legends, was castrated by his son Ham.[13] It was common for Christians to equate the religion of the Jews with the Mosaic faith of the Old Testament, so the Church was surprised to realize that the Jews had developed an authoritative Talmud to complement their understanding of the Bible.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Twentieth-century Jewish scholar Hyam Maccoby alleges that the purpose of the Paris disputation was to rid the Jews of their "belief in the Talmud", in order that they might return to Old Testament Abrahamism and eventually embrace Christianity.[14] He says that the hostility of the Church during this disputation had less to do with the Church's attitude and more to do with Nicholas Donin. Donin's argumentation exploited controversies that were debated within Judaism at the time, according to Maccoby.[15] Maccoby also suggests that the disputation may have been motivated by Donin's previous affiliations with the Karaite Jews, and that his motivations for joining the Church involved his desire to attack rabbinic tradition.[16]

الحصيلة

The Disputation set in place a train of events which culminated in a burning of a great number of Jewish holy texts, on 17 June 1242.[17] "One estimate is that the 24 wagonloads included up to 10,000 volumes of Hebrew manuscripts, a startling number when one considers that the printing press did not yet exist, so that all copies of a work had to be written out by hand."[17] The burning of the texts was apparently witnessed by the Maharam of Rothenburg, who wrote about the incident.[17]

Donin's translation of statements taken from the Talmud into French changed the Christian perception about Jews. Christians had viewed the Jews as the followers of the Old Testament who honored the Law of Moses and the prophets, but the alleged blasphemies included among the Talmudic texts indicated that Jewish understandings of the Old Testament differed from the Christian understanding.[18] Louis IX stated that only skilled clerics could conduct a disputation with Jews, but that laymen should plunge a sword into those who speak ill of the Christ.[19][20]

الذكرى

A prominent religious-Zionist rabbi, Shlomo Aviner, suggested that the Notre-Dame fire may have been divine retribution for the burning of the Talmud in 1242.[21][22]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب Seidman, Naomi (2010). Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation (in الإنجليزية). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74507-7.
  2. ^ Maccoby, Hyam (1982). Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages. Associated University Presses. p. 62. ISBN 9780838630532.
  3. ^ Johnson, Paul (1998). A history of the Jews (25. [pr.] ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. p. 161. ISBN 0060915331.
  4. ^ Haymann, Emmanuel (2008). Pages juives (in الفرنسية). Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-24373-9.
  5. ^ Falk, Avner (1996). A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews (in الإنجليزية). Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3660-2.
  6. ^ Webster, Nesta H. (2000). Secret Societies and Subversive Movements (in الإنجليزية). Book Tree. ISBN 978-1-58509-092-1.
  7. ^ Anchel, Robert (1946). Les juifs de France (in الفرنسية). Paris: J.B. Janin. p. 109.
  8. ^ Einbinder, Susan L. (2002). Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France (in الإنجليزية). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2525-7.
  9. ^ zionism-israel, Results of Anti-Semitism
  10. ^ Grossman, Maxine (2011). Berlin, Adele (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (in English) (Second ed.). New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 552–553. ISBN 9780199730049. Retrieved 12 June 2019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ^ http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6262-france#816 قالب:Bare URL inline
  12. ^ Maccoby, Hyam (1982). Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages. Associated University Presses. p. 26. ISBN 9780838630532.
  13. ^ Maccoby, Hyam (1982). Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages. Associated University Presses. p. 36. ISBN 9780838630532.
  14. ^ Maccoby, Hyam (1982). Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages. Associated University Presses. p. 25. ISBN 9780838630532.
  15. ^ Ragacs, Ursela. "Christian-Jewish or Jewish-Jewish, That's my question...". European Journal of Jewish Studies: 98.
  16. ^ Maccoby, Hyam (1982). Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages. Associated University Presses. p. 37. ISBN 9780838630532.
  17. ^ أ ب ت "1242: France burns all known copies of the Talmud". Haaretz (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  18. ^ Jones, E. Michael (2008). The Jewish Revolutionary Spirit: And Its Impact on World History (in الإنجليزية). Fidelity Press. ISBN 978-0-929891-07-1.
  19. ^ Maccoby, Hyam (1982). Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages. Associated University Presses. p. 22. ISBN 9780838630532.
  20. ^ Roth, Norman (2014). Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-77155-2.
  21. ^ Staff, Tio (17 April 2019). "Radical rabbi says Notre Dame fire retribution for 13th-century Talmud burning". The Times of Israel. Retrieved August 6, 2023. A prominent religious-Zionist rabbi known for his extremist views suggested on Wednesday that the fire that gutted the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris earlier this week may have been divine retribution for the mass-burning of Talmud volumes by French Catholic priests in the city eight centuries earlier.
  22. ^ Berger, Yotam (Apr 17, 2019). "Notre Dame Fire May Be Divine Punishment, Says Prominent Settler Rabbi". Haaretz. Retrieved August 6, 2023.

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