المعرفة

پول كاگامى

(تم التحويل من پول كاگامه)
"كاگامى" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر كاگامى (لقب عائلة).

پول كاگامه Paul Kagame (و. 23 أكتوبر, 1957) هو الرئيس الحالي لرواندا. بداية شهرته كانت بزعامته لعصابات الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية (RPF), والتي الممثلة ل قبائل التوتسي في التطهير العرقي في رواندا. انتصار ميليشياته على القوات الحكومية في يوليو 1994 نقلت الحكم مرة أخرى إلى أيدي التوتسي، وتم اعتبار الحرب الأهلية تطهير عرقي ضد التوتسي. وفي 2003, انتقل كاگامي من الحكم من وراء الكواليس ليصبح رئيساً لرواندا.[1]

پول كاگامي
Paul Kagame
Kagame.jpg
رئيس رواندا
تولى المنصب
24 مارس 2000
رئيس الوزراء
سبقهپاستير بيزيمونگو
نائب رئيس رواندا
في المنصب
19 يوليو 1994 – 22 أبريل 2000
الرئيسپاستير بيزيمونگو
سبقهمنصب مستحدث
خلـَفهمنصب ملغى
وزير الدفاع
في المنصب
19 يوليو 1994 – 22 أبريل 2000
الرئيسپاستير بيزيمونگو
سبقهأوگوستان بيزيمانا
خلـَفهإيمانويل هابياريمانا
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد23 أكتوبر 1957 (العمر 66 سنة)
تامبوى، رواندا-اوروندي
(الآن قرية نياروتوڤو، خلية بوهورو، قطاع روهانگو، المحافظة الجنوبية، رواندا)
الحزبFPR (التوتسي)
الزوججانيت نييرامونگي
الأنجالإيڤان سيومورو كاگامى، آنج كاگامى، إيان و بريان
المدرسة الأمكلية القيادة والأركان العامة للجيش الأمريكي
الموقع الإلكترونيOfficial website
الخدمة العسكرية
الولاءأوغندا National Resistance Army
(1979–1990)
الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية
(منذ 1990)
Flag of Rwanda.svg رواندا
(since 1994)
سنوات الخدمة1979–2000
المعارك/الحروبUgandan Bush War
الحرب الأهلية الرواندية

Born to a Tutsi family in southern Rwanda that fled to Uganda when he was two years old, he spent the rest of his childhood there during the Rwandan Revolution, which ended Tutsi political dominance. In the 1980s, Kagame fought in Yoweri Museveni's rebel army, becoming a senior Ugandan army officer after many military victories led Museveni to the Ugandan presidency. Kagame joined the RPF, taking control of the group when previous leader Fred Rwigyema died on the second day of the 1990 invasion. By 1993, the RPF controlled significant territory in Rwanda and a ceasefire was negotiated. The assassination of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana set off the genocide, in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu. Kagame resumed the civil war and ended the genocide with a military victory.

During his vice presidency, Kagame controlled the national army and was responsible for maintaining the government's power, while other officials began rebuilding the country. Many RPF soldiers carried out retribution killings. Kagame said he did not support these killings but failed to stop them. Hutu refugee camps formed in Zaire and other countries and the RPF attacked the camps in 1996, but insurgents continued to attack Rwanda. As part of the invasion, Kagame sponsored two rebel wars in Zaire. Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed rebels won the first war (1996–97), installing Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president in place of dictator Mobutu and returning Zaire to its former pre-Mobutu name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The second war was launched in 1998 against Kabila, and later his son Joseph, following the DRC government's expulsion of Rwandan and Ugandan military forces from the country. The war escalated into a conflict that lasted until a 2003 peace deal and ceasefire.

Bizimungu resigned in 2000, most likely having been forced to do so, following a falling out with the RPF. He was replaced by Kagame. Bizimungu was later imprisoned for corruption and inciting ethnic violence, charges that human rights groups described as politically motivated. Kagame's rule is considered authoritarian, and human rights groups accuse him of political repression. Overall opinion on the regime by foreign observers is mixed, and as president, Kagame has prioritized national development, launching programmes which have led to development on key indicators including healthcare, education and economic growth. Kagame has had mostly good relations with the East African Community and the United States; his relations with France were poor until 2009. Relations with the DRC remain tense despite the 2003 ceasefire; human rights groups and a leaked United Nations report allege Rwandan support for two insurgencies in the country, a charge Kagame denies. Several countries suspended aid payments in 2012 following these allegations. Since coming to power, Kagame has won three presidential elections, but none of these have been rated free or fair by international observers. His role in the assassination of exiled political opponents has been controversial.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

النشأة

ولد پول كاگامى في 1957 في جنوب رواندا. وقد جاء مولده وسط تغيرات كبيرة في أواخر عهد الوصاية البلجيكية المسماة رواندا-اوروندي. كان أبواه من التوتسي، وتربطهما صلات قرابة بالعائلة الملكية. وفي عمر الثانية، تولت الأغلبية من الهوتو الحكم لأول مرة من قرون، وفرّت أسرته إلى أوغندا. تعلم پول الإنگليزية واندمج في المجتمع الأوغندي.[2]

Kagame was born on 23 October 1957, the youngest of six children,[3] in Tambwe, Ruanda-Urundi, a village located in what is now the Southern Province of Rwanda.[4] His father, Deogratias Rutagambwa, was a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, from which the royal family had been derived since the 18th century or earlier.[5] A member of the Bega clan, Deogratias Rutagambwa had family ties to King Mutara III, but he pursued an independent business career rather than maintain a close connection to the royal court.[3] Kagame's mother, Asteria Bisinda, descended from the family of the last Rwandan queen, Rosalie Gicanda, that is from the Hebera branch of the royal Nyiginya clan.[6]

At the time of Kagame's birth, Rwanda was a United Nations Trust Territory which had been ruled, in various forms, by Belgium since 1916 under a mandate to oversee eventual independence.[7][8] Rwandans were made up of three distinct groups: the minority Tutsi were the traditional ruling class, and the Belgian colonialists had long promoted Tutsi supremacy,[9] while the majority Hutu were agriculturalists.[10] The third group, the Twa, were a forest-dwelling pygmy people descended from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, who formed less than 1% of the population.[11]

Tensions between Tutsi and Hutu had been escalating during the 1950s, and culminated in the 1959 Rwandan Revolution. Hutu activists began killing Tutsi, forcing more than 100,000 Tutsis to seek refuge in neighbouring countries.[12][13] Kagame's family abandoned their home and lived for two years in the far northeast of Rwanda and eventually crossing the border into Uganda. They moved gradually north, and settled in the Nshungerezi refugee camp in the Toro sub-region in 1962.[3] It was around this time that Kagame first met Fred Rwigyema, the future leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front.[14]

Kagame began his primary education in a school near the refugee camp, where he and other Rwandan refugees learned how to speak English and began to integrate into Ugandan culture.[15] At the age of nine, he moved to the respected Rwengoro Primary School, around 16 kilometres (10 mi) away.[16] He subsequently attended Ntare School, one of the best schools in Uganda, which was also the alma mater of future Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni.[16] According to Kagame, the death of his father in the early-1970s, and the departure of Rwigyema to an unknown location, led to a decline in his academic performance and an increased tendency to fight those who belittled the Rwandan population.[17] He was eventually suspended from Ntare and completed his studies at Old Kampala Secondary School.[18]

After completing his education, Kagame made two visits to Rwanda, in 1977 and 1978. He was initially hosted by family members of his former classmates, but upon arrival in Kigali; he made contact with members of his own family.[19] He kept a low profile on these visits, believing that his status as a well-connected Tutsi exile could lead to arrest. On his second visit, he entered the country through Zaire rather than Uganda to avoid suspicion.[19] Kagame used his time in Rwanda to explore the country, familiarise himself with the political and social situation, and make connections that would prove useful to him in his later activities.[19]


تاريخه العسكري

بدأ كاگامي حياته العسكرية في 1979, عندما انضم إلى قوات المتمردين التابعة ليويري موسڤني والمسماة جيش المقاومة الوطني (NRA) حيث أمضى سنيناً يشن حرب العصابات ضد حكومة ملتون اوبوته فيما يعرف في أوغندا باسم حرب الأدغال الأوغندية.[20]

وفي 27 يوليو 1985، تمت الاطاحة بميلتون اوبوته في انقلاب عسكري بقيادة تيتو أوكـِلو. وفي 1986 نجحت الـ NRA في الاطاحة بأوكـِلو وأصبح زعيم الـNRA يويري موسڤني رئيس اوغندا. وفي عهد موسڤني، أُدمِج كاگامى في الجيش الأوغندي، وترأس المخابرات العسكرية الأوغندية.

 
الرئيس پول كاگامي يصافح الرئيس الأمريكي جورج و. بوش في المكتب البيضاوي في البيت الأبيض، في 2006.

وفي نفس السنة، لعب كاگامه، مع صديقه الحميم فريد رويگيما Fred Rwigyema، دوراً محورياً في تشكيل الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية (RPF)، التي تكونت أساساً من جنود توتسي روانديين خارج بلادهم والذين حاربوا أيضاً مع NRA الاوغندية؛ وقد اتخذت RPF من أوغندا قاعدة لها.[21]

في 1986، أصبح كاگامه رئيس المخابرات الحربية الأوغندية، واُعتـُبـِر أحد أقرب حلفاء موسڤني.[21] كما التحق رسمياً بالجيش الأوغندي.[21]

من 1988 حتى 1990، التحق كاگامى بـ كلية القيادة والأركان العامة للجيش الأمريكي في كانزس بالولايات المتحدة.

الغزوات الرواندية والتطهير العرقي

في عام 1989 انضم كاگامى وزميله من ضباط الجيش الرواندي فريد رويجيما إلى الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية (RPF)، وهي جمعية للاجئين؛ وضع كلا الرجلين خططًا للجبهة الوطنية الرواندية لغزو رواندا.

عندما قاد رويجيما الهجوم الأول على رواندا في عام 1990، كان كاگامى في الولايات المتحدة يحضر دورة تدريبية للضباط. في غضون الأيام الثلاثة لقي رويجيما مصرعه وكانت الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية في حالة من الفوضى.

عاد كاگامى وسيطر على القوات. تمكن من الهروب من الجيش الرواندي وقيادة رجاله إلى بر الأمان.

لكن في غضون بضعة أشهر أعاد تنظيم قواته وأعاد تسليحها.

منذ عام 1991، نفذت قوات كاگامى غارات ضرب وشنت على أهداف داخل رواندا، حيث هاجمت البلدات والقرى على طول المنطقة الحدودية.

بعد عام، أعلن وقف إطلاق النار وبدأ مفاوضات مع الحكومة الرواندية. بموجب اتفاق أروشا، كان من المقرر أن تشكل الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية جزءًا من حكومة مشتركة.

في أبريل 1994، أسقطت طائرة الرئيس الرواندي جوڤينال هابياريمانا، وكانت الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية كبش الفداء، مما دفع المتطرفين الهوتو المتشددين إلى الشروع في حملة دموية لإبادة التوتسي.

دفعت الإبادة الجماعية كاگامى إلى استئناف القتال ضد الجيش الرواندي.

استولت قواته على مساحات شاسعة من الأراضي على طول الحدود الأوغندية، وأنشأت منطقة آمنة للفرار من التوتسي.

على الرغم من نفاذ العدد وإطلاق النار، أظهر كاگامى فطنة عسكرية وتمكن من هزيمة الجيش الرواندي في غضون أشهر.

في أعقاب الإبادة الجماعية، شرع كاگامى في تأمين حدود رواندا من خلال مهاجمة مرتكبي الإبادة الجماعية من الهوتو، والاختباء في مخيمات اللاجئين في زائير.

ساعدت القوات الرواندية الجماعات المتمردة في الإطاحة بطاغية زائير العجوز موبوتو سى‌سى سـِكو وشن هجوم على خليفته، لوران كابيلا.

واصلت رواندا دعم المجموعات في شرق جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية وتسليحها مؤخرًا حركة 23 مارس.

حرب الكونغو الثانية

الرئيس كاگامى

 
پول كاگامى مع الرئيس المصري المخلوع حسني مبارك، أثناء زيارة دولة لمصر في 5 نوفمبر 2009.
 
كاگامي (إلى اليمين) مع جوسف كابيلا، ثابو مبيكي وجورج و. بوش


موقفه من الحرب الأهلية السودانية

 
پول كاگامه

صرح الرئيس كاگامه أن قبائل الدنكا في جنوب السودان هم من التوتسي. وذلك توطئة لتدخله في الحرب الأهلية السودانية الثانية التي انتهت بانفصال جنوب السودان.

ولدى تشكيل قوة أفريقية لحفظ السلام في دارفور كان رواندا وتابعتاها بوروندي وأوغندا هم أول الدول المشتركة في تشكيل القوة.

مبادرة حوض النيل

لعب پول كاگامه دوراً رئيسياً في اطلاق مبادرة حوض النيل للتحرش بمصر، على الرغم من أن رواندا تكاد لا تتأثر على الاطلاق بمعاهدات تقاسم مياه نهر النيل.

الرئاسة

في الداخل، تولى كاگامى منصب نائب الرئيس وقائد القوات المسلحة.

ولكن في عام 2000، استقال رئيس الهوتو، Pasteur Bizimungu، وتولى كاگامى منصب رئيس الدولة، وهو اللقب الذي شغله لمدة 14 عامًا.

كان لكاگامى الفضل في إطلاق خطة طموحة لإنعاش الاقتصاد الرواندي.

تهدف رؤية 2020 إلى توحيد الشعب الرواندي وتحويل البلاد من دولة فقيرة للغاية إلى دولة ذات دخل متوسط.

لديها قائمة من الأهداف التي تشمل إعادة الإعمار، وتحسين البنية التحتية والنقل، والحكم الرشيد، وتحسين الإنتاج الزراعي، وتنمية القطاع الخاص، فضلا عن تحسين الصحة والتعليم.

لقد حققت نجاحًا كبيرًا لا سيما في قطاعي الصحة والتعليم.

ارتفع معدل الإلمام بالقراءة والكتابة بشكل كبير وتحسنت الخدمات الصحية مع أكثر من 90 في المائة من الروانديين يتلقون الآن المساعدة الطبية.

شهدت رواندا أيضًا استثمارات في البلاد مع التركيز بشكل خاص على قطاع الاتصالات.

ومع ذلك فقد تم انتقاد كاگامى أيضًا لعدم التسامح مع أي شكل من أشكال المعارضة. تم سجن أو نفي العديد من المعارضين السياسيين.

لقد كان إيمان كاگامى الراسخ في رؤيته هو القوة التي دفعت الرجل، لكنه أيضًا الموقف الذي أكسبه العديد من الأعداء، ومع ذلك يبدو أنه غير منزعج.

في مقابلة حديثة مع مجلة تايم، قال كاگامى: "لا أريد أن أصبح قديساً. أنا لا أحاول أن أكون كذلك. لن يكون له أي معنى سيصرفني عن مسؤولياتي.

"التركيز على أن أصبح قديساً سيفضي بي لأن لا أنجز شيئاً مما يُفترض أن أنجز.”

السياسة الخارجية

جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية

المقالة الرئيسية: Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
 
Anti-government rebels from the March 23 (M23) Movement, widely considered to have been supported by Rwanda, during their capture of the provincial capital at Goma in North Kivu in November 2012.

The Second Congo War, which began in 1998, was still raging when Kagame assumed the presidency in 2000. Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe, and Chad had committed troops to the Congolese government side,[22] while Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi were supporting rebel groups.[23] The rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) had split in 1999 into two factions: the RCD-Goma, supported by Rwanda, and the RCD-Kisangani, which was allied to Uganda.[24] Uganda also supported the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC), a rebel group from the north.[24] All these rebel groups were at war with Kabila's government in Kinshasa, but were also increasingly hostile to each other.[24] Various peace meetings had been held, culminating in the July 1999 Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement which was signed by Kabila, Kagame and all the other foreign governments.[25] The rebel groups were not party to the agreement, and fighting continued.[25] The RPA continued to be heavily involved in the Congo War during 2000, fighting battles against the Ugandan army in Kisangani and against Kabila's army in Kasai and Katanga.[26]

In January 2001, Kabila was assassinated inside his palace.[27] His son Joseph was appointed president and immediately began asserting his authority by dismissing his father's cabinet and senior army commanders,[28] assembling a new government, and engaging with the international community.[29] The new government provided impetus for renewed peace negotiations, and in July 2002 a peace agreement was reached between Rwanda, Congo, and the other major participants, in which all foreign troops would withdraw and RCD-Goma would enter a power-sharing transitional government with Joseph Kabila as interim president until elections could be held.[30] Kagame's government announced at the end of 2002 that all uniformed Rwandan troops had left Congolese territory, but this was contradicted by a 2003 report by UN panel of experts. According to this report, the Rwandan army contained a dedicated "Congo desk" which used the armed forces for large-scale illegal appropriation of Congolese resources.[31][32]

 
Kagame, DRC president Félix Tshisekedi and other African leaders at the Russia–Africa Summit in Sochi on 24 October 2019

Despite the agreement and subsequent ceasefire, relations between Kagame and the Congolese government remained tense.[31] Kagame blamed the DRC for failing to suppress the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Rwandan Hutu rebels operating in North and South Kivu provinces.[33] Kabila accused Rwanda of using the Hutu as a "pretext for maintaining its control and influence in the area".[34] There has been ongoing conflict in Congo's eastern provinces since 2004, during which Kagame has backed two major insurgencies. This included a major rebellion from 2005 to 2009, led by Congolese Tutsi Laurent Nkunda, as well as the a rebellion carried out by the March 23 Movement (M23) under leader Bosco Ntaganda, beginning in 2012.[35][36] A leaked United Nations report in 2012 cited Kagame's defence minister James Kabarebe as being effectively the commander of the M23.[37] Relations have improved since 2016, as Kagame held a bilateral meeting with Kabila in Gisenyi.[38] When Félix Tshisekedi was elected DRC president in 2019, Kagame – the AU chairman at the time – unsuccessfully called for an AU investigation into the poll. Despite this, he has developed a close relationship with Tshisekedi since the latter's election, with summits in both Kinshasa and Kigali. As of 2020, Kagame still faces accusations that Rwanda's troops are active within the Kivu provinces. Congolese officials such as Walikale member of parliament Juvénal Munubo, as well as civilians, have reported sighting RDF soldiers in the DRC, but Kagame consistently denies these claims.[39]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أوغندا ومجتمع شرق أفريقيا

المزيد من المعلومات: Kenya–Rwanda relations, Rwanda–Tanzania relations and East African Community
 
Kagame with the other four East African Community Heads of States in April 2009

Kagame spent most of his childhood and young adult years living in Uganda, and has a personal relationship with President Yoweri Museveni dating back to the late 1970s;[40] they fought together in the Ugandan Bush War, and Kagame was appointed head of military intelligence in Museveni's national army following the NRA victory in 1986.[41] When the RPF soldiers abandoned the Ugandan army and invaded Rwanda in 1990, Museveni did not explicitly support them, but according to Prunier it is likely that he had prior knowledge of the plan.[42] Museveni also allowed the RPF safe passage through Ugandan territory to the Virunga mountains after their early defeats in the war,[43] and revealed in a 1998 heads of state meeting that Uganda had helped the RPF materially during the Rwandan Civil War.[44] Following the RPF victory, the two countries enjoyed a close political and trade relationship.[45]

Rwanda and Uganda were allies during the First Congo War against Zaire, with both countries being instrumental in the setting up of the AFDL and committing troops to the war.[46] The two nations joined forces again at the beginning of the Second Congo War, but relations soured in late 1998 as Museveni and Kagame had very different priorities in fighting the war.[47] In early 1999, the RCD rebel group split into two, with Rwanda and Uganda supporting opposing factions,[47] and in August the Rwandan and Ugandan armies battled each other with heavy artillery in the Congolese city of Kisangani.[48] The two sides fought again in Kisangani in May and June 2000, causing the deaths of 120 soldiers and around 640 Congolese civilians.[49] Relations slowly thawed in the 2000s, and by 2011 the two countries enjoyed a close friendship once more.[50] Further conflict between Kagame and Museveni arose in early 2019, as the two countries conflicted over trade and regional politics.[51] Kagame accused Museveni's government of supporting the FDLR and harassing Rwandan nationals in Uganda, leading Rwanda to set up a blockade of trucks at the border.[52] Museveni accused Rwanda of sending troops into its territory, including an incident in Rukiga district in which a Ugandan citizen was killed.[51] The Rwanda–Uganda border reopened on 31 January 2022.[53][54]

In 2007, Rwanda joined the East African Community, an intergovernmental organisation for the East Africa region comprising Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. The country's accession required the signing of various agreements with the other members, including a defence intelligence sharing pact, a customs union, and measures to combat drug trafficking.[55] The countries of the Community established a common market in 2011, and plan further integration, including moves toward political federation.[56][57] The community has also set up an East African Monetary Institute, which aims to introduce a single currency by 2024.[58]

 
Kagame with Israeli President Isaac Herzog on 7 April 2024

الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة والكومنولث

المزيد من المعلومات: Bangladesh–Rwanda, India–Rwanda, Rwanda–South Africa, Rwanda–United Kingdom and Rwanda–United States relations
 
Paul Kagame with United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in September 2009
 
Kagame with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2018
 
Kagame with US President Joe Biden at the United States–Africa Leaders Summit in 2022

Since the end of the Rwandan genocide in 1994, Rwanda has enjoyed a close relationship with the English speaking world, in particular the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK). The two countries have been highly supportive of the RPF programme of stabilisation and rebuilding, with the UK donating large sums each year in budget support,[59] and the US providing military aid[59] as well as supporting development projects.[60] As president, Kagame has been critical of the West's lack of response to the genocide, and the UK and US have responded by admitting guilt over the issue: Bill Clinton, who was President of the United States during the genocide, has described his failure to act against the killings as a "personal failure".[59] During the 2000s, Clinton and UK prime minister Tony Blair praised the country's progress under Kagame, citing it as a model recipient for international development funds, and Clinton referred to Kagame as "one of the greatest leaders of our time".[59] Both Clinton and Blair have maintained support for the country beyond the end of their terms of office, Clinton via the Clinton Global Initiative and Blair through his role as an unpaid advisor to the Rwandan government.[61]

As part of his policy of maintaining close relations with English speaking countries, Kagame sought membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, which was granted in 2009.[62] Rwanda was only the second country, after Mozambique, to join the Commonwealth having never had colonial links to the British Empire.[62] Kagame attended the subsequent Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Perth, Australia, addressing the Business Forum.[63] Rwanda also successfully applied for a rotating seat on the United Nations Security Council in 2012, taking over the presidency of that organisation in April 2013.[64]

Kagame's relations with the US and UK came under strain in the early 2010s, following allegations that Rwanda is supporting the M23 rebel movement in Eastern Congo.[59] The UK suspended its budgetary aid programme in 2012, freezing a £21 million donation.[65] Other European nations such as Germany also suspended general budgetary support from 2008 onwards. Payments by these countries were gradually restored from 2013, but took the form of sector budgetary support and support for specific programmes.[66] The US also froze some of its military aid programme for Rwanda in 2012, although it stopped short of suspending aid altogether.[67] By 2020, the US remained supportive of Kagame's government and was Rwanda's largest bilateral donor.[68][69]

الزواج والأطفال

 
Jeannette Kagame, Paul Kagame's wife

On 10 June 1989 in Uganda, Kagame married Jeannette Nyiramongi, a Tutsi exile living in Nairobi, Kenya.[70] Kagame had asked his relatives to suggest a suitable marriage and they recommended Nyiramongi. Kagame travelled to Nairobi and introduced himself, persuading her to visit him in Uganda. Nyiramongi was familiar with the RPF and its goal of returning refugees to Rwanda. She held Kagame in high regard.[70] The couple have four children.[71]

Kagame's daughter, Ange Kagame Ndengeyingoma, completed her education abroad and was absent from the public eye for most of her childhood due to security and privacy reasons.[72] She attended Dana Hall School, a private preparatory school located in Wellesley, Massachusetts in the United States. She attended Smith College where she majored in political science with a minor in African studies. She also holds a master's degree in international affairs from Columbia University.[بحاجة لمصدر] Kagame can speak three languages, English, Kinyarwanda, and French.[73]

اغتيالات

Throughout Kagame's tenure as vice president and president, he has been linked with murders and disappearances of political opponents, both in Rwanda and abroad.[74][75] In a 2014 report titled "Repression Across Borders", Human Rights Watch documents at least 10 cases involving attacks or threats against critics outside Rwanda since the late 1990s, citing their criticism of the Rwandan government, the RPF or Kagame.[76] Examples include the killing of Sendashonga in 1998, the assassination attempts against Nyamwasa in South Africa, as well as the murder of former intelligence chief Patrick Karegeya in South Africa on 31 December 2013. Speaking about Karegeya's killing, Kagame spoke of his approval, saying "whoever betrays the country will pay the price, I assure you".[75] In 2015, a former Rwandan military officer testified before the U.S. Congress that the Rwandan government had offered him $1 million to assassinate Karegeya as well as Kagame critic General Kayumba Nyamwasa.[77] After his testimony, this officer himself faced threats in Belgium as did a Canadian journalist.[75] In December 2017, a South African court found that the Rwandan government continued to plot the assassination of its critics overseas.[78]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

الهامش

  1. ^ Official Website for H.E. Paul Kagame
  2. ^ Mark Klusener (2014-04-01). "Paul Kagame: Saviour or dictator?". eNCA.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Waugh 2004, p. 8.
  4. ^ Office of the President (I) 2011.
  5. ^ Chrétien 2003, p. 160.
  6. ^ Delmas 1950.
  7. ^ United Nations (II).
  8. ^ United Nations (III).
  9. ^ Appiah & Gates 2010, p. 450.
  10. ^ Prunier 1999, pp. 11–12.
  11. ^ Mamdani 2002, p. 61.
  12. ^ Gourevitch 2000, pp. 58–59.
  13. ^ Prunier 1999, p. 51.
  14. ^ Kinzer 2008, p. 12.
  15. ^ Waugh 2004, p. 10.
  16. ^ أ ب Kinzer 2008, p. 13.
  17. ^ Kinzer 2008, p. 14.
  18. ^ Kinzer 2008, p. 15.
  19. ^ أ ب ت Waugh 2004, pp. 16–18.
  20. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Officialbio
  21. ^ أ ب ت "Kagame: Quiet soldier who runs Rwanda". BBC. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ BBC News (II).
  23. ^ Prunier 2009, pp. 193–198.
  24. ^ أ ب ت Prunier 2009, p. 221.
  25. ^ أ ب Prunier 2009, pp. 224–225.
  26. ^ Prunier 2009, pp. 225, 234.
  27. ^ Sherwell & Long 2001.
  28. ^ Prunier 2009, pp. 258, 263.
  29. ^ Prunier 2009, p. 257.
  30. ^ Prunier 2009, p. 272.
  31. ^ أ ب Armbruster 2003.
  32. ^ Human Rights Watch (I) 2005.
  33. ^ Al Jazeera (III) 2007.
  34. ^ Voice of America 2009.
  35. ^ International Crisis Group 2020.
  36. ^ BBC News (XVII) 2014.
  37. ^ BBC News (XIV) 2012.
  38. ^ Piel & Tilouine 2016.
  39. ^ Gras 2020.
  40. ^ Kinzer 2008, p. 20.
  41. ^ Kinzer 2008, pp. 50–51.
  42. ^ Prunier 1999, pp. 97–98.
  43. ^ Prunier 1999, pp. 114–115.
  44. ^ Mamdani 2002, p. 183.
  45. ^ Simpson (II) 2000.
  46. ^ Reyntjens 2009, p. 48.
  47. ^ أ ب Prunier 2009, p. 220.
  48. ^ Prunier 2009, p. 225.
  49. ^ Prunier 2009, p. 242.
  50. ^ Heuler 2011.
  51. ^ أ ب Norbrook, Kantai & Smith 2019.
  52. ^ Mohamed (II) 2019.
  53. ^ Mutangana 2022.
  54. ^ Reyntjens 2022.
  55. ^ Osike 2007.
  56. ^ East African Community (I).
  57. ^ Lavelle 2008.
  58. ^ East African Community (II) 2020.
  59. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Smith 2012.
  60. ^ ForeignAssistance.gov 2013.
  61. ^ Wintour 2008.
  62. ^ أ ب Pflanz 2009.
  63. ^ Office of the President (II) 2011.
  64. ^ Munyaneza 2013.
  65. ^ BBC News (XVI) 2012.
  66. ^ DEval 2008.
  67. ^ McGreal 2012.
  68. ^ Department of State (V) 2020.
  69. ^ USAID 2020.
  70. ^ أ ب Kinzer 2008, pp. 59–62.
  71. ^ Namanya 2009.
  72. ^ "Ange Kagame Comes of Age". Women Hall. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  73. ^ Shaba, Erick (8 October 2014). "Mu kiganiro kirambuye, Ange Kagame yahishuye byinshi mu buzima bwe bwite" (in Kinyarwanda). Igihe. Retrieved 19 January 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  74. ^ Walker 2010.
  75. ^ أ ب ت York 2015.
  76. ^ Human Rights Watch (III) 2014.
  77. ^ United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health and Global Human Rights 2015.
  78. ^ York 2017.


انظر أيضاً

وصلات خارجية


مناصب سياسية
سبقه
Fred Rwigyema 		Chief of Defence Staff of the Rwandan Patriotic Army
as Commander-in-chief of the Rwandan Patriotic Front until 1994
October 1990 – 1998 		تبعه
Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa
سبقه
أوگوستان بيزيمانا 		وزير الدفاع (رواندا)
19 يوليو 1994 - 23 مارس 2000

{{s-aft|after=إمانويل هابياريمانا

منصب حديث نائب رئيس رواندا
19 يوليو 1994 - 23 مارس 2000 		Position abolished
سبقه
Alexis Kanyarengwe 		رئيس Rwandan Patriotic Front
15 February 1998 – الحاضر 		الحالي
سبقه
پاستير بيزيمونگو 		رئيس رواندا
22 April 2000–present
Acting President: 24 March 2000 – 22 April 2000
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=پول_كاگامى&oldid=3996010"