ميلاد المسيح في الفن

يعتبر ميلاد المسيح من الموضوعات الرئيسية في الفن المسيحي منذ القرن الرابع الميلادي. والرسومات الفنية التي تصور ميلاد المسيح، والتي تحتفل بعيد الميلاد، تعتمد على القصص الواردة في الكتاب المقدس، in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, and further elaborated by written, oral and artistic tradition. Christian art includes a great many representations of the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child. Such works are generally referred to as the "Madonna and Child" or "Virgin and Child". They are not usually representations of the Nativity specifically, but are often devotional objects representing a particular aspect or attribute of the Virgin Mary, or Jesus. Nativity pictures, on the other hand, are specifically illustrative, and include many narrative details; they are a normal component of the sequences illustrating both the Life of Christ and the Life of the Virgin.

Georges de La Tour ca. 1644

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قصة الميلاد

The stable is just outside the city walls, with the shepherds on the hill behind; Slovakia, c.1490

Hendrik ter Brugghen, 1619.

Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, the Magi presenting their gifts (mosaic detail), late 6th century, wearing Persian dress
Sassetta, the Journey of the Magi
The Magi before Herod, French 15th century stained glass
Albrecht Altdorfer, ca. 1530, the Adoration of the Magi

Massacre of the Innocents, Codex Egberti, late 10th century.

Gothic toppling idol on the flight

تاريخ التصوير

المسيحية المبكرة

Magi bearing gifts, 4th century sarcophagus, Rome

In the first centuries of Christianity the feast of the [[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphan Emperor.^[1]

4th century sarcophagus, Milan; one of the earliest Nativity images

رسوم بيزنطية

Modern Orthodox mural from Israel using a depiction little changed in over a millennium.

التراث البيزنطي والأرثوذكسي

Scenes from the life of Jesus Christ, triptych. Constantinople, late 10th c., ivory. Musée du Louvre
Byzantine fresco from Mistra, Greece, mid-14th century
Andrey Rublev, 1405, in the Moscow Kremlin.
Modern Romanian icon, with very similar iconography to Rublev, but a few Western elements, like the kneeling Virgin.

التراث البيزنطي المتأخر في اوروپا الغربية

The Virgin and Child in Majesty and the Adoration of the Magi, Romanesque fresco, Spain, c. 1100
Mosaic in Byzantine style, Palermo, 1150
Medieval mosaics of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome, are more classicising in style.
Nativity from Duccio’s Maestá, 13th century, a compromise shed-within-a-cave

رسوم غربية

Nativity at Night by Geertgen tot Sint Jans, c. 1490, after a composition by Hugo van der Goes of c. 1470, influenced by the visions of Saint Bridget of Sweden. Sources of light are the infant Jesus, the shepherds' fire on the hill behind, and the angel who appears to them.

This Nativity by Rogier van der Weyden, follows Bridget's vision, with donor portrait and ruins

العصور الوسطى

مناظر غربية في العصور الوسطى

The earliest Western Madonna and Child, from the Book of Kells, at the beginning of the Gospel of Matthew. ca. 800
Nativity and Annunciation to the Shepherds from the Bamberg Apocalypse 1000-20, Ottonian
Romanesque capital from Saint-Pierre, Chauvigny, 12th century.
German illuminated manuscript with two scenes of the Magi, ca. 1220

الفن القوطي

12th century glass from Basilica of Saint Denis, Paris, with a proper bed for Mary
13th century French glass at Canterbury Cathedral with the full story of the Magi and typologically related scenes.
English alabaster with Mary in a bed, attended by a midwife.
14th century French ivory triptych showing the Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity with, unusually, Joseph holding the baby, while Mary sleeps; Presentation and Magi.

الفن القوطي العالمي

Presentation at the Temple and Flight, with legends of the idol and spring, Melchior Broederlam, Burgundy, c. 1400
The miracles of the palm tree and corn on the Flight, from a book of hours, ca. 1400
In this panel by Conrad von Soest 1403, St Joseph makes himself useful.
A greater degree of sentimental elaboration is in this German miniature of 1420.

Proto-Renaissance in Italy

Pulpit Relief from the Pisa Baptistry by Nicola Pisano, 1260, is based in style on the reliefs of Roman sarcophagi.
The Nativity in the Scrovegni Chapel by Giotto is very close in composition and style to the sculpture at Pisa.
Bernardo Daddi was influenced towards realism by the paintings of Giotto.
Taddeo Gaddi painted the first large night scene in this "Annunciation to the Shepherds".

النهضة وما بعدها

The Magi, stained glass by John Hardman and Co in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney.

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النهضة المبكرة

Adoration of the Magiby Fra Angelico and Fra Filippo Lippi
Piero della Francesca (unfinished)
Domenico Ghirlandaio, with classical ruins
Botticelli; his patrons, the Medici family, are depicted as the Magi and their retinue.

النهضة الحديثة

This terracotta relief by Giovanni della Robbia shows the Christ Child as part of the Holy Trinity, adored by Mary, Joseph and Franciscan saints.
This complex Adoration of the Magi by Leonardo da Vinci was never completed.
The Doni Tondo represents the Holy Family resting on the way to Egypt; Michelangelo.
The meeting of the Infant Christ and John the Baptist was a popular subject of Raphael.

النهضة في شمال ايطاليا

Adoration of the Shepherds, Mantegna
Giorgione, Nativity, ca. 1507
Giorgione, Adoration of the Magi, ca. 1505
Lorenzo Lotto, 1523

النهضة الشمالية

Ellhofen Altarpiece, Germany, following St Bridget's vision.
Bartholomäus Bruyn Altarpiece, St. Johann Baptist Essen
Joachim Patinir, Flight into Egypt. At right the miracle of the corn, at top left the falling idol
Pieter Bruegel

Mannerism

Adoration of the Shepherds, Bronzino
Dirck Barendsz, 1565, Janskerk (Gouda)
Jacopo Bassano, the Adoration of the Magi.
Andrea Sabbatini

الباروك والروكوكو

El Greco, Adoration of the Shepherds lit by the Christ Child
Adoration of the Magi, Rubens, 1634
مشهد ميلاد المسيح، تصوير جرارد ڤان هونتهورست.
Adoration of the Shepherds, Charles Le Brun

1800 بعد

Romantic Rest on the Flight by Philipp Otto Runge, 1806
Another by Adrian Ludwig Richter, 1873
Flight by Carl Spitzweg, 1875-9
British Orientalist artist Edwin Long, Anno Domini, 1883, shows the arrival in Egypt; the idols seem intact.
Late 19th century stained glass of The Adoration of the Shepherds and the Magi, Cologne Cathedral.
The Journey of the Magi by James Tissot, 1894. Like most of his Biblical illustrations, treated largely as Orientalism
Paul Gauguin, 1896, with a Tahitan setting.
Adolf Hölzel, 1912

الفن الشعبي

Folk painting, 17th century, by Mikael Toppelius
Presepe by Francesco Landonio around 1750
Bible illustration c.1900
A Nativity Creche made by Bill Egan of Florida, 21st century.

انظر أيضا

Roman Catholic Marian art
ميلاد المسيح في الثقافة المتأخرة في مجالات أخرى من الفن مثل (الموسيقى، الاوبرا، الروايات، ...)
مشهد الميلاد.

الهوامش

Modern stained glass from the Taufkapelle, Koblenz-Arenberg

^ Schiller:100

المصادر

G Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I,1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, pp. 58-124 & figs 140-338, ISBN 853312702

الكلمات الدالة:

الكتاب المقدس

[1] Schiller:100

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