مملكة إسرائيل (السامرة)
مملكة إسرائيل ويرفق بها أحياناً تعبير الشمالية، هي اسم أطلقه المؤرخون وباحثو الكتاب المقدس على مملكة عبرية تذكر في الكتاب المقدس باسمي إسرائيل أو إفرايم أو السامرة، والتي انفصلت عن مملكة إسرائيل الموحدة بعد وفاة الملك سليمان (سليمان الحكيم) حسب المكتوب في سفر الملوك الأول (الأصحاح ال12) وفي سفر أخبار الأيام الثاني (الأصحاح ال10). وكان أبناء المملكة من أنسال الأسباط الشمالية من أسباط بني إسرائيل وعلى رأسها سبط إفرايم، بينما أقامت الأسباط الجنوبية، وعلى رأسها سبط يهوذا، المملكة العبرية المعروفة كمملكة يهوذا. صمدت مملكة إسرائيل الشمالية لمدة 200 سنة تقريبا، منذ 928 ق.م. وحتى 722 ق.م. (حسب التقدير الشائع) حتى أحتلها تجلات بلاسر الثالث ملك آشور ودمرها. ويعتبر السامريون المعاصرون أنفسهم من أنسال هذه المملكة القديمة.
مملكة إسرائيل | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 930 ق.م.–720 ق.م. | |||||||
 خريطة المنطقة في القرن 9 ق.م. | |||||||
| العاصمة | السامرة | ||||||
| اللغات الشائعة | العبرية | ||||||
| الدين | اليهودية | ||||||
| الحكومة | الملكية | ||||||
| الحقبة التاريخية | القدم الكلاسيكي | ||||||
• تأسست | 930 ق.م. | ||||||
• انحلت | 720 ق.م. | ||||||
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هناك دلائل أثرية على وجود مملكة إسرائيل الشمالية، أهمها حجر ميشع التي تذكر أحد ملوكها: "عمري ملك إسرائيل" (سطري 4-5) كمن احتل مملكة مؤاب. ويذكر الكتاب المقدس عمري كالملك الذي بنى مدينة السامرة وجعلها عاصمة مملكة إسرائيل الشمالية (وجدت آثارها قرب قرية سباستيا في الضفة الغربية).
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التاريخ
تدمير المملكة
الثقافة
أشهر الشخصيات
الأنبياء الذين نشطوا في مملكة إسرائيل
البيوت الملكية لإسرائيل
For this period, most historians follow either of the older chronologies established by وليام ألبرايت أو إدوين ثيله، أو التأريخات الأحدث من گرشون گليل و كنث كتشن, all of which are shown below. All dates are ق.م..
| ألبرايت | ثيله | گليل | كتشن | الاسم الشائع/التوراتي | الاسم والأسلوب الملكي | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
بيت شاؤول | ||||||
| 1051-1010 | 1050-1010 | 1050-1010 | 1042-1010 | Saul | 'שאול המלך or Sha'ul | Reigned in Israel & Judah for 40 years: He killed himself during the war with the Philistines in Mount Gilboa. |
| 1010-1008 | 1000-998 | 1010-1008 | 1006-1004 | Ish-bosheth | (also called Eshba'al or Ashba'al or Ishbaal) | Reigned in Israel for 2 years: |
بيت داود | ||||||
| 1000-962 | 1010-970 | 1010-970 | David | דוד בן-ישי מלך ישראל David ben Yeshay, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Judah in Hebron 7 years and then over both Israel & Judah for 33 years in Jerusalem, 40 years in total. Death: Natural causes | |
| 962-922 | 970-931 | 971-931 | Solomon | שלמה בן-דוד מלך ישראל Shelomoh ben David, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over United Kingdom of Israel (& Judah) in Jerusalem for 40 years. Death: Natural Causes | |
بيت يربعام | ||||||
| 922-901 | 931-910 | 931-909 | 931-911 | Jeroboam I | ירבעם בן-נבט מלך ישראל Yerav’am ben Nevat, Melekh Yisra’el |
Led the rebellion and divided the kingdoms. Reigned in Israel (Northern Kingdom) for 22 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 901-900 | 910-909 | 909-908 | 911-910 | Nadab | נדב בן-ירבעם מלך ישראל Nadav ben Yerav’am, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned in Israel for 2 years. Death: Killed by Baasha, son of Ahijah of the house of Issachar, along with his whole family. |
The House of Baasha | ||||||
| 900-877 | 909-886 | 908-885 | 910-887 | Baasha | בעשא בן-אחיה מלך ישראל Ba’asha ben Achiyah, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 24 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 877-876 | 886-885 | 885-884 | 887-886 | Elah | אלה בן-בעשא מלך ישראל ’Elah ben Ba’asha, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 2 years. Death: Zimri, one of his officials, got him drunk and killed him at his house in Azra. |
بيت زمري | ||||||
| 876 | 885 | 884 | 886 | Zimri | זמרי מלך ישראל Zimri, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 7 days. Death: He set his palace on fire when Omri and all the Israelites with him withdrew from Gibbethon and laid siege to Tirzah. |
بيت عمري | ||||||
| 876-869 | 885-874 | 884-873 | 886-875 | Omri | עמרי מלך ישראל ’Omri, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 869-850 | 874-853 | 873-852 | 875-853 | Ahab | אחאב בן-עמרי מלך ישראל Ah’av ben ’Omri, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 22 years. Death: Shot by an archer during the battle at Ramoth Gilead. He died upon his arrival on Samaria. |
| 850-849 | 853-852 | 852-851 | 853-852 | Ahaziah | אחזיהו בן-אחאב מלך ישראל ’Ahazyahu ben 'Ah’av, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: He fell through the lattice of his upper room and injured himself. Elijah the prophet told him he would never leave his bed and would die on it. |
| 849-842 | 852-841 | 851-842 | 852-841 | Joram | יורם בן-אחאב מלך ישראל Yehoram ben ’Ah’av, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 11 years. Death: Killed by Jehu, the next king of Israel, |
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بيت جهو | ||||||
| 842-815 | 841-814 | 842-815 | 841-814 | Jehu | יהוא בן-נמשי מלך ישראל Yehu ben Nimshi, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 28 years.[1] Death: Natural Causes |
| 815-801 | 814-798 | 819-804 | 814-806 | Jehoahaz | יהואחז בן-יהוא מלך ישראל Yeho’ahaz ben Yehu, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 17 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 801-786 | 798-782 | 805-790 | 806-791 | Jehoash (Joash) |
יואש בן-יואחז מלך ישראל Yeho’ash ben Yeho’ahaz, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 16 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 786-746 | 782-753 | 790-750 | 791-750 | Jeroboam II | ירבעם בן-יואש מלך ישראל Yerav’am ben Yeho’ash, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 41 years. Death: Natural Causes. The Book of Jonah or Jonah's journey to Nineveh (when he was swallowed by a whale or fish) happened at that time. |
| 746 | 753 | 750-749 | 750 | Zachariah | זכריה בן-ירבעם מלך ישראל Zekharyah ben Yerav’am, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 6 months. Death: Shallum son of Jabesh killed him in front of the people and succeeded as king. |
بيت شلوم | ||||||
| 745 | 752 | 749 | 749 | Shallum | שלם בן-יבש מלך ישראל Shallum ben Yavesh, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 1 month. Death: Menahem son of Gadi attacked Shallum and assassinated him. |
بيت مناحم | ||||||
| 745-738 | 752-742 | 749-738 | 749-739 | مناحم | מנחם בן-גדי מלך ישראל Menahem ben Gadi, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 10 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 738-737 | 742-740 | 738-736 | 739-737 | Pekahiah | פקחיה בן-מנחם מלך ישראל Pekahyah ben Menahem, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: Pekah son of Remaliah, one of the chief officers, took 50 men with him and assassinated the king in his palace at Samaria. |
The House of Pekah | ||||||
| 737-732 | 740-732 | 736-732 | 737-732 | Pekah | פקח בן-רמליהו מלך ישראל Pekah ben Remalyahu, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 5 years. Death: Hoshea son of Elah conspired against him and assassinated him. |
The House of Hoshea | ||||||
| 732-722 | 732-722 | 732-722 | 732-722 | Hoshea | הושע בן-אלה מלך ישראל Hoshe’a ben ’Elah, Melekh Yisra’el |
Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 9 years.[2] Death: King Shalmanser attacked and captured Samaria. He charged Hoshea of treason and he put him in prison, then, he deported the Israelites to Assyria. |
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ Considered to be a contemporary of the Assyrian King Shalmaneser III (858-824) to whom he paid tribute. This is based on an inscription on The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III showing "Yaua" son of Omri paying tribute, dated to 841 BCE.
- ^ Paid tribute to the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V (727-722 BCE) but rebelled in 725 BCE. Shalmaneser besieged the capital, Samaria, but died shortly before the fall of the city. His brother Sargon II (722-705 BCE) completed the siege with success in 722, making Judah the sole remaining Hebrew kingdom. The ten tribes were exiled to other parts of the Assyrian Empire and never heard from again in recorded history. A small group of people fled south to take refuge in Judah.
وصلات خارجية
- About Israel - The Information Center About Israel
- Biblical History The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Complete Bible Genealogy A synchronized chart of the kings of Israel and Judah