المعرفة

مؤشر الديمقراطية

الإيكونوميست هي دراسة وفحص للديموقراطية في 167 بلدا ومحاولة تحديد حجم هذا مع وحدة الاستخبارات الاقتصادية> مؤشر الديمقراطية الذي ركز على خمس فئات عامة ؛ العملية الانتخابية والتعددية والحريات المدنية ، وأداء الحكومة ، والمشاركة السياسية ، والسياسية الثقافة. وفقا لوحدة الاستخبارات الاقتصادية والديمقراطية وسجل مؤشر السويد عام 2008 ما مجموعه 9.88 على مقياس من صفر الى عشرة ، وهو أعلى نتيجة لذلك ، في حين أن كوريا الشمالية مع وسجل أدنى مستوى 0.86. البلدان المصنفة في "الديموقراطية الكاملة" و "قصور الديمقراطيات" ، و "النظم المختلطة" (تعتبر جميع الديمقراطيات) ، و "الأنظمة الاستبدادية" (تعتبر الديكتاتورية).

The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index map for 2018.[1]

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الطريقة

تعريفات التصنيف

مؤشر الديمقراطية حسب البلد 2018

Democracy Index 2018
Rank Country Score Elec­toral process
and plura­lism 		Functio­ning of
govern­ment 		Poli­tical
partici­pation 		Poli­tical
culture 		Civil
liber­ties 		Regime
type 		Continent
1   نرويج 9.87 10.00 9.64 10.00 10.00 9.71 Full democracy Europe
2   آيسلندا 9.58 10.00 9.29 8.89 10.00 9.71 Full democracy Europe
3   السويد 9.39 9.58 9.64 8.33 10.00 9.41 Full democracy Europe
4   نيوزيلندا 9.26 10.00 9.29 8.89 8.13 10.00 Full democracy Oceania
5   الدنمارك 9.22 10.00 9.29 8.33 9.38 9.12 Full democracy Europe
=6   أيرلندا 9.15 9.58 7.86 8.33 10.00 10.00 Full democracy Europe
  كندا 9.15 9.58 9.64 7.78 8.75 10.00 Full democracy North America
8   فنلندا 9.14 10.00 8.93 8.33 8.75 9.71 Full democracy Europe
9   أستراليا 9.09 10.00 8.93 7.78 8.75 10.00 Full democracy Oceania
10   سويسرا 9.03 9.58 9.29 7.78 9.38 9.12 Full democracy Europe
11   هولندا 8.89 9.58 9.29 8.33 8.13 9.12 Full democracy Europe
12   لوكسمبورگ 8.81 10.00 8.93 6.67 8.75 9.71 Full democracy Europe
13   ألمانيا 8.68 9.58 8.57 8.33 7.50 9.41 Full democracy Europe
14   المملكة المتحدة 8.53 9.58 7.50 8.33 8.13 9.12 Full democracy Europe
15   أوروگواي 8.38 10.00 8.57 6.11 7.50 9.71 Full democracy South America
16   نمسا 8.29 9.58 7.86 8.33 6.88 8.82 Full democracy Europe
17   موريشيوس 8.22 9.17 8.21 5.56 8.75 9.41 Full democracy Africa
18   مالطا 8.21 9.17 8.21 6.11 8.75 8.82 Full democracy Europe
19   إسپانيا 8.08 9.17 7.14 7.78 7.50 8.82 Full democracy Europe
20   كوستاريكا 8.07 9.58 7.50 6.67 7.50 9.12 Full democracy North America
21   كوريا الجنوبية 8.00 9.17 7.86 7.22 7.50 8.24 Flawed democracy Asia
22   اليابان 7.99 8.75 8.21 6.67 7.50 8.82 Flawed democracy Asia
=23   تشيلي 7.97 9.58 8.57 4.44 8.13 9.12 Flawed democracy South America
  إستونيا 7.97 9.58 8.21 6.67 6.88 8.53 Flawed democracy Europe
25   الولايات المتحدة 7.96 9.17 7.14 7.78 7.50 8.24 Flawed democracy North America
26   الرأس الأخضر 7.88 9.17 7.86 6.67 6.88 8.82 Flawed democracy Africa
27   البرتغال 7.84 9.58 7.50 6.11 6.88 9.12 Flawed democracy Europe
28   بوتسوانا 7.81 9.17 7.14 6.11 7.50 9.12 Flawed democracy Africa
29   فرنسا 7.80 9.58 7.50 7.78 5.63 8.53 Flawed democracy Europe
30   إسرائيل 7.79 9.17 7.50 8.89 7.50 5.88 Flawed democracy Asia
31   بلجيكا 7.78 9.58 8.93 5.00 6.88 8.53 Flawed democracy Europe
32   تايوان 7.73 9.58 8.21 6.11 5.63 9.12 Flawed democracy Asia
33   إيطاليا 7.71 9.58 6.07 7.78 6.88 8.24 Flawed democracy Europe
34   التشيك 7.69 9.58 6.79 6.67 6.88 8.53 Flawed democracy Europe
35   قبرص 7.59 9.17 6.43 6.67 6.88 8.82 Flawed democracy Europe
=36   سلوفينيا 7.50 9.58 6.79 6.67 6.25 8.24 Flawed democracy Europe
  لتوانيا 7.50 9.58 6.43 6.11 6.25 9.12 Flawed democracy Europe
38   لاتفيا 7.38 9.58 6.07 5.56 6.88 8.82 Flawed democracy Europe
39   اليونان 7.29 9.58 5.36 6.11 6.88 8.53 Flawed democracy Europe
40   جنوب أفريقيا 7.24 7.42 7.50 8.33 5.00 7.94 Flawed democracy Africa
41   الهند 7.23 9.17 6.79 7.22 5.63 7.35 Flawed democracy Asia
42   تيمور الشرقية 7.19 9.08 6.79 5.56 6.88 7.65 Flawed democracy Asia
43   ترينيداد وتوباگو 7.16 9.58 7.14 6.11 5.63 7.35 Flawed democracy North America
44   سلوفاكيا 7.10 9.58 6.79 5.56 5.63 7.94 Flawed democracy Europe
45   پنما 7.05 9.58 6.07 6.67 5.00 7.94 Flawed democracy North America
46   بلغاريا 7.03 9.17 6.43 7.22 4.38 7.94 Flawed democracy Europe
=47   الأرجنتين 7.02 9.17 5.36 6.11 6.25 8.24 Flawed democracy South America
  جامايكا 7.02 8.75 7.14 4.44 6.25 8.53 Flawed democracy North America
49   سورينام 6.98 9.17 6.43 6.67 5.00 7.65 Flawed democracy South America
50   البرازيل 6.97 9.58 5.36 6.67 5.00 8.24 Flawed democracy South America
51   كولومبيا 6.96 9.17 6.79 5.00 5.63 8.24 Flawed democracy South America
52   ماليزيا 6.88 7.75 7.86 6.67 6.25 5.88 Flawed democracy Asia
53   الفلپين 6.71 9.17 5.71 7.22 4.38 7.06 Flawed democracy Asia
=54   بولندا 6.67 9.17 6.07 6.11 4.38 7.65 Flawed democracy Europe
  گويانا 6.67 9.17 5.71 6.11 5.00 7.35 Flawed democracy South America
56   ليسوتو 6.64 9.17 5.00 6.67 5.63 6.76 Flawed democracy Africa
=57   غانا 6.63 8.33 5.71 6.67 6.25 6.18 Flawed democracy Africa
  المجر 6.63 8.75 6.07 5.00 6.25 7.06 Flawed democracy Europe
59   پيرو 6.60 9.17 5.00 5.56 5.63 7.65 Flawed democracy South America
60   كرواتيا 6.57 9.17 6.07 5.56 5.00 7.06 Flawed democracy Europe
61   جمهورية الدومنيكان 6.54 9.17 5.36 6.11 5.00 7.06 Flawed democracy North America
62   منغوليا 6.50 9.17 5.71 5.56 5.00 7.06 Flawed democracy Asia
=63   صربيا 6.41 8.25 5.36 6.11 5.00 7.35 Flawed democracy Europe
  تونس 6.41 6.42 5.71 7.78 6.25 5.88 Flawed democracy Africa
65   اندونيسيا 6.39 6.92 7.14 6.67 5.63 5.59 Flawed democracy Asia
=66   سنغافورة 6.38 4.33 7.86 6.11 6.25 7.35 Flawed democracy Asia
  رومانيا 6.38 9.17 5.71 5.00 4.38 7.65 Flawed democracy Europe
68   إكوادور 6.27 8.75 5.36 6.11 4.38 6.76 Flawed democracy South America
69   ناميبيا 6.25 5.67 5.36 6.67 5.63 7.94 Flawed democracy Africa
70   پاراگواي 6.24 8.75 5.71 5.00 4.38 7.35 Flawed democracy South America
=71   سريلانكا 6.19 7.83 5.71 5.00 6.25 6.18 Flawed democracy Asia
  المكسيك 6.19 8.33 6.07 7.22 3.13 6.18 Flawed democracy North America
=73   هونگ كونگ 6.15 3.08 6.07 5.56 7.50 8.53 Flawed democracy Asia
  سنغال 6.15 7.50 6.07 4.44 6.25 6.47 Flawed democracy Africa
75   پاپوا غينيا ج. 6.03 6.92 6.07 3.89 5.63 7.65 Flawed democracy Oceania
76   ألبانيا 5.98 7.00 4.71 5.56 5.00 7.65 Hybrid regime Europe
77   السلڤادور 5.96 9.17 4.29 5.56 3.75 7.06 Hybrid regime North America
78   شمال مقدونيا 5.87 6.50 5.36 6.67 3.75 7.06 Hybrid regime Europe
=79   مولدوڤا 5.85 7.08 4.64 6.11 4.38 7.06 Hybrid regime Europe
  فيجي 5.85 6.58 5.36 6.11 5.63 5.59 Hybrid regime Oceania
=81   الجبل الأسود 5.74 6.08 5.36 6.11 4.38 6.76 Hybrid regime Europe
  بنين 5.74 6.50 5.71 5.00 5.63 5.88 Hybrid regime Africa
83   بوليفيا 5.70 7.50 4.64 5.56 3.75 7.06 Hybrid regime South America
84   أوكرانيا 5.69 6.17 3.21 6.67 6.25 6.18 Hybrid regime Europe
85   هندوراس 5.63 8.50 4.64 4.44 4.38 6.18 Hybrid regime North America
86   زامبيا 5.61 6.17 4.64 3.89 6.88 6.47 Hybrid regime Africa
87   گواتيمالا 5.60 7.92 5.36 3.89 4.38 6.47 Hybrid regime North America
88   بنگلادش 5.57 7.83 5.07 5.56 4.38 5.00 Hybrid regime Asia
89   جورجيا 5.50 7.83 3.57 6.11 4.38 5.59 Hybrid regime Europe
90   ملاوي 5.49 6.58 4.29 4.44 6.25 5.88 Hybrid regime Africa
=91   تنزانيا 5.41 7.00 5.00 5.00 5.63 4.41 Hybrid regime Africa
  مالي 5.41 7.42 3.93 3.89 5.63 6.18 Hybrid regime Africa
93   ليبيريا 5.35 7.42 2.57 5.56 5.63 5.59 Hybrid regime Africa
94   بوتان 5.30 8.75 6.79 2.78 4.38 3.82 Hybrid regime Asia
95   مدغشقر 5.22 6.08 3.57 6.11 5.63 4.71 Hybrid regime Africa
96   أوغندا 5.20 5.25 3.57 4.44 6.88 5.88 Hybrid regime Africa
97   نيبال 5.18 4.33 5.36 5.00 5.63 5.59 Hybrid regime Asia
=98   كينيا 5.11 3.50 5.36 6.67 5.63 4.41 Hybrid regime Africa
  قرغيزستان 5.11 6.58 2.93 6.67 4.38 5.00 Hybrid regime Asia
100   المملكة المغربية 4.99 5.25 4.64 5.00 5.63 4.41 Hybrid regime Africa
101   البوسنة والهرسك 4.98 6.50 2.93 5.56 3.75 6.18 Hybrid regime Europe
102   هايتي 4.91 5.58 2.93 3.89 6.25 5.88 Hybrid regime North America
103   أرمنيا 4.79 5.67 4.64 5.56 2.50 5.59 Hybrid regime Europe
104   بوركينا فاسو 4.75 4.42 4.29 4.44 5.63 5.00 Hybrid regime Africa
105   سيراليون 4.66 6.58 1.86 3.33 6.25 5.29 Hybrid regime Africa
=106   لبنان 4.63 3.92 2.21 6.67 5.63 4.71 Hybrid regime Asia
  تايلند 4.63 3.00 4.29 5.00 5.00 5.88 Hybrid regime Asia
108   نيجيريا 4.44 6.08 4.64 3.33 3.75 4.41 Hybrid regime Africa
109   السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية 4.39 3.83 2.14 7.78 4.38 3.82 Hybrid regime Asia
110   تركيا 4.37 4.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.35 Hybrid regime Europe
111   غامبيا 4.31 4.48 4.29 3.33 5.63 3.82 Hybrid regime Africa
112   پاكستان 4.17 6.08 5.36 2.22 2.50 4.71 Hybrid regime Asia
113   ساحل العاج 4.15 4.83 2.86 3.33 5.63 4.12 Hybrid regime Africa
114   العراق 4.06 4.75 0.07 6.67 5.00 3.82 Hybrid regime Asia
115   الأردن 3.93 3.58 4.29 3.89 4.38 3.53 Authoritarian Asia
=116   موزمبيق 3.85 3.58 2.14 5.00 5.00 3.53 Authoritarian Africa
  الكويت 3.85 3.17 4.29 3.89 4.38 3.53 Authoritarian Asia
118   ميانمار 3.83 3.67 3.93 3.89 5.63 2.06 Authoritarian Asia
119   موريتانيا 3.82 3.00 3.57 5.00 3.13 4.41 Authoritarian Africa
120   نيجر 3.76 5.25 1.14 3.33 4.38 4.71 Authoritarian Africa
121   جزر القمر 3.71 4.33 2.21 4.44 3.75 3.82 Authoritarian Africa
122   نيكاراگوا 3.63 2.67 1.86 3.89 5.63 4.12 Authoritarian North America
123   أنگولا 3.62 1.75 2.86 5.56 5.00 2.94 Authoritarian Africa
124   الگابون 3.61 2.58 2.21 4.44 5.00 3.82 Authoritarian Africa
125   كمبوديا 3.59 1.33 5.00 2.78 5.63 3.24 Authoritarian Asia
126   الجزائر 3.50 2.58 2.21 3.89 5.00 3.82 Authoritarian Africa
127   مصر 3.36 3.58 3.21 3.33 3.75 2.94 Authoritarian Africa
=128   إثيوپيا 3.35 0.00 3.57 5.56 5.00 2.65 Authoritarian Africa
  رواندا 3.35 1.67 5.00 2.78 4.38 2.94 Authoritarian Africa
130   الصين 3.32 0.00 5.00 3.89 6.25 1.47 Authoritarian Asia
131   الكونغو 3.31 3.17 2.50 3.89 3.75 3.24 Authoritarian Africa
132   كاميرون 3.28 3.17 2.86 3.33 4.38 2.65 Authoritarian Africa
133   قطر 3.19 0.00 4.29 2.22 5.63 3.82 Authoritarian Asia
=134   زيمبابوي 3.16 0.50 2.00 4.44 5.63 3.24 Authoritarian Africa
  ڤنزويلا 3.16 1.67 1.79 4.44 4.38 3.53 Authoritarian South America
136   غينيا 3.14 3.50 0.43 4.44 4.38 2.94 Authoritarian Africa
137   بلاروس 3.13 0.92 2.86 3.89 5.63 2.35 Authoritarian Europe
138   توغو 3.10 3.17 0.79 3.33 5.00 3.24 Authoritarian Africa
139   ڤيتنام 3.08 0.00 3.21 3.89 5.63 2.65 Authoritarian Asia
140   عُمان 3.04 0.00 3.93 2.78 4.38 4.12 Authoritarian Asia
141   إسواتيني 3.03 0.92 2.86 2.22 5.63 3.53 Authoritarian Africa
142   كوبا 3.00 1.08 3.57 3.33 4.38 2.65 Authoritarian North America
143   أفغانستان 2.97 2.92 1.14 4.44 2.50 3.82 Authoritarian Asia
=144   كازاخستان 2.94 0.50 2.14 4.44 4.38 3.24 Authoritarian Europe
  روسيا 2.94 2.17 1.79 5.00 2.50 3.24 Authoritarian Europe
146   جيبوتي 2.87 0.42 1.79 3.89 5.63 2.65 Authoritarian Africa
147   الإمارات العربية 2.76 0.00 3.93 2.22 5.00 2.65 Authoritarian Asia
148   البحرين 2.71 0.83 3.21 2.78 4.38 2.35 Authoritarian Asia
149   أذربيجان 2.65 0.50 2.14 3.33 3.75 3.53 Authoritarian Europe
150   إيران 2.45 0.00 3.21 4.44 3.13 1.47 Authoritarian Asia
=151   إرتريا 2.37 0.00 2.14 1.67 6.88 1.18 Authoritarian Africa
  لاوس 2.37 0.83 2.86 1.67 5.00 1.47 Authoritarian Asia
153   بوروندي 2.33 0.00 0.43 3.89 5.00 2.35 Authoritarian Africa
154   ليبيا 2.19 1.00 0.36 1.67 5.00 2.94 Authoritarian Africa
155   السودان 2.15 0.00 1.79 2.78 5.00 1.18 Authoritarian Africa
156   أوزبكستان 2.01 0.08 1.86 2.22 5.00 0.88 Authoritarian Asia
157   غينيا بيساو 1.98 1.67 0.00 2.78 3.13 2.35 Authoritarian Africa
158   اليمن 1.95 0.00 0.00 3.89 5.00 0.88 Authoritarian Asia
=159   السعودية 1.93 0.00 2.86 2.22 3.13 1.47 Authoritarian Asia
  طاجيكستان 1.93 0.08 0.79 1.67 6.25 0.88 Authoritarian Asia
161   غينيا الإستوائية 1.92 0.00 0.43 3.33 4.38 1.47 Authoritarian Africa
162   ترکمنستان 1.72 0.00 0.79 2.22 5.00 0.59 Authoritarian Asia
163   تشاد 1.61 0.00 0.00 1.67 3.75 2.65 Authoritarian Africa
164   أفريقيا الوسطى 1.52 2.25 0.00 1.11 1.88 2.35 Authoritarian Africa
165   الكونغو الديمقراطية 1.49 0.50 0.71 2.22 3.13 0.88 Authoritarian Africa
166   سوريا 1.43 0.00 0.00 2.78 4.38 0.00 Authoritarian Asia
167   كوريا الشمالية 1.08 0.00 2.50 1.67 1.25 0.00 Authoritarian Asia
Rank Country Score Elec­toral process
and plura­lism 		Functio­ning of
govern­ment 		Poli­tical
partici­pation 		Poli­tical
culture 		Civil
liber­ties 		Regime
type


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التغييرات الأخيرة

In 2016, the United States was downgraded from a full democracy to a flawed democracy;[2] its score, which had been declining for some years, crossed the threshold from 8.05 in 2015 to 7.98 in 2016. The report states that this was caused by a myriad of factors dating back to at least the late 1960s which have eroded Americans' trust in governmental institutions.[2][3][4]

The 2017 Democracy index registered the worst year for global democracy since 2010–11. Asia was the worst-performing region overall. Venezuela was downgraded from a "hybrid regime" to an "authoritarian regime".

Australia (ranked 8th) and Taiwan (ranked 33rd) both legalised same-sex marriage in 2017. In China, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, further entrenched his power by writing his contribution to the Chinese Communist Party’s ideology, dubbed "Xi Jinping Thought", into the party's constitution. Moldova was downgraded from a "flawed democracy" to a "hybrid regime" as a result of problematic elections. By contrast, Armenia was reupgraded from an "authoritarian regime" to a "hybrid regime"[5] as a result of constitutional changes that shifted power from the presidency to parliament.[6]

نقد

The Democracy Index has been criticized for lacking transparency and accountability beyond the numbers. To generate the index, the Economist Intelligence Unit has a scoring system in which various experts are asked to answer 60 questions and assign each reply a number, with the weighted average deciding the ranking. However, the final report does not indicate what kinds of experts, nor their number, nor whether the experts are employees of the Economist Intelligence Unit or independent scholars, nor the nationalities of the experts.[7]

مؤشر الديمقراطية حسب نوع النظام

The following table gives the number and percentage of countries and the percentage of the world population for each regime type in 2018:[1]

Type of regime Score (s) Number of
countries 		Percentage
of countries 		Percentage of
world population
Full democracies 8 < s 20 12.0 4.5
Flawed democracies 6 < s ≤ 8 55 32.9 43.2
Hybrid regimes 4 < s ≤ 6 39 23.4 16.7
Authoritarian regimes s ≤ 4 53 31.7 35.6

World population refers to the total population of the 167 countries covered by the Index. Since this excludes only microstates, this is nearly equal to the entire estimated world population.

مؤشر الديمقراطية حسب المنطقة

The following table gives the index average by world region, and the number of covered countries in 2017. Note that some regional groups (e.g. Eastern Europe and Asia and Australasia) are very heterogeneous and composed of full democracies as well as authoritarian regimes:

Rank Region Countries 2006[8] 2008[9] 2010[10] 2011[11] 2012[12] 2013[13] 2014[14] 2015[15] 2016[16] 2017[17] 2018[1]
1 Northern America 2 8.64 8.64 8.63 8.59 8.59 8.59 8.59 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.56
2 Western Europe 21 8.60 8.61 8.45 8.40 8.44 8.41 8.41 8.42 8.40 8.38 8.35
3 Latin America and the Caribbean 24 6.37 6.43 6.37 6.35 6.36 6.38 6.36 6.37 6.33 6.26 6.24
4 Asia and Australasia 28 5.44 5.58 5.53 5.51 5.56 5.61 5.70 5.74 5.74 5.63 5.67
5 Central and Eastern Europe 28 5.76 5.67 5.55 5.50 5.51 5.53 5.58 5.55 5.43 5.40 5.42
6 Sub-Saharan Africa 44 4.24 4.28 4.23 4.32 4.33 4.36 4.34 4.38 4.37 4.35 4.36
7 Middle East and North Africa 20 3.54 3.48 3.52 3.62 3.73 3.68 3.65 3.58 3.56 3.54 3.54
  World 167 5.52 5.55 5.46 5.49 5.52 5.53 5.55 5.55 5.52 5.48 5.48

أنظر أيضا

ملاحظات

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت The Economist Intelligence Unit (8 January 2019). "Democracy Index 2018: Me Too?". The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 13 January 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  2. ^ أ ب Karlis, Nicole (31 January 2018). "New report classifies US as a "flawed democracy" - Partisanship and Trump were to blame for the US's dismal ranking in the Economist's annual Democracy Index report". Salon. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  3. ^ Eshe Nelson (25 January 2017). "The US has been downgraded to a "flawed democracy," but not just because of Trump". Qz.com.
  4. ^ "Declining trust in government is denting democracy". The Economist. 25 January 2017.
  5. ^ "Democracy Index 2017". www.eiu.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-01-31.
  6. ^ "Democracy Index 2017 : Free Speech Under Attack" (PDF). www.eiu.com. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  7. ^ "Peter Tasker: The flawed 'science' behind democracy rankings". asia.nikkei.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  8. ^ Laza Kekic, director, country forecasting services (15 November 2006). "The Economist Intelligence Unit's index of democracy" (PDF). The World in 2007. Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Index of Democracy 2008" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in retreat" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 6 December 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Democracy index 2011: Democracy under stress". Economist Intelligence Unit. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  12. ^ "Democracy index 2012: Democracy at a standstill" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  13. ^ "Democracy Index 2013: Democracy in limbo". The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  14. ^ "Democracy Index 2014:Democracy and its discontents" (PDF). The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  15. ^ "Democracy Index 2015: Democracy in an age of anxiety" (PDF). The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  16. ^ "Democracy Index 2016: Revenge of the "deplorables"". eiu.com. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  17. ^ "Democracy Index 2017: Free speech under attack". eiu.com. The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 31 January 2018.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Politics country lists

الكلمات الدالة:
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