مؤسسة

The Establishment is a term used to refer to the traditional ruling class elite and the structures of society that they control. The term can be used to describe specific entrenched elite structures in specific institutions, but is usually informal in application. For example, candidates for political office are often said to have to impress the "party establishment" in order to win endorsement.

The term in this sense was coined by the British journalist Henry Fairlie, who in September 1955 wrote a column in the London magazine The Spectator on how the friends and acquaintances of Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, two members of the Foreign Office who had defected to Moscow, tried to deflect press scrutiny from the men's families. He defined that network of prominent, well-connected people as "the Establishment", explaining:

"By the 'Establishment', I do not only mean the centres of official power—though they are certainly part of it—but rather the whole matrix of official and social relations within which power is exercised. The exercise of power in Britain (more specifically, in England) cannot be understood unless it is recognised that it is exercised socially."

The term was quickly picked up in newspapers and magazines all over London, making Fairlie famous. Though he would later determine that he had not been the first to use The Establishment in this fashion – awarding the distinction to Emerson – the Oxford English Dictionary would cite Fairlie's column as its locus classicus.

This use of the word was presumably influenced by the British term established church for the official churches in Great Britain. The term was soon found useful in discussing power elites in many countries, and the English word is used as a loanword in many languages.

In the 1960s and 1970s, The Establishment was seen as representing restrictive, authoritarian policies. As the old-fashioned way of doing things, it was associated with age and was said to be dominated by members of the war generation who had not yet accepted or adapted to the big societal changes of the decade. In the 1980s, conservative critics (particularly in the الولايات المتحدة and the المملكة المتحدة) began to assert that liberals had become the new "Establishment". Sociologically, one who does not belong to "The Establishment" is an "outsider".

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 انظر أيضاً

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• Anti-establishment
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