المعرفة

قانون الاجهاض

الإجهاض في بعض الأحيان برز بوصفه موضوعا للجدل في مختلف المجتمعات ، نظرا للمسائل المعنوية والأخلاقية التي تحيط به وتختلف قوانين الإجهاض على نطاق واسع في البلد ، بدءا من شيلي و السلفادور و نيكاراغوا ، و مالطة ، و الفاتيكان ، والتي تحظر إجراء تماما ، و كندا ، والتي لا تضع أي قيود على الإجهاض على الإطلاق. كل من مؤيدي ومعارضي الإجهاض القانوني نعتقد يعتبرون موقفهم من حقوق الإنسان الأساسية.

International status of abortion law. In some cases, this map may not accurately depict the content of this article.
    Legal on request
    Restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, physical health, rape, fetal defects, and/or socioeconomic factors
    Restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, physical health, rape and/or fetal defects
    Restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health, physical health and/or rape
    Restricted to cases of maternal life, mental health and/or physical health
    Restricted to cases of maternal life
    Illegal with no exceptions
    No information[معلومات قديمة]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

القوانين الوطنية

 
Supporter of legalized abortion at a rally in Paraná, Argentina
Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted (2013)[1][أ]
Category
code 		Woman's
life[ب] 		Phys.
health[ت] 		Mental
health[ث] 		Rape,
incest 		Fetal
impairment 		Econom.,
social 		On
request 		Region Countries or areas
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y East Africa Mozambique[2]
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N East Africa Eritrea, Ethiopia, Seychelles
76  Y  Y  Y  N  Y  Y  N East Africa Zambia
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N East Africa Burundi, Comoros, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
6C  Y  Y  N  Y  Y  N  N East Africa Zimbabwe
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N East Africa Djibouti, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Somalia, South Sudan[ج]
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Central Africa Angola,[4] Chad[ح]
78  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N Central Africa Cameroon
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Central Africa Equatorial Guinea
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Central Africa Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y North Africa Tunisia
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N North Africa Morocco[6]
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N North Africa Algeria
4C  Y  N  N  Y  Y  N  N North Africa Sudan
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N North Africa Egypt, Libya
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Southern Africa South Africa
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Southern Africa Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Southern Africa Lesotho
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y West Africa Cape Verde
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N West Africa Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N West Africa Gambia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
48  Y  N  N  Y  N  N  N West Africa Mali
6C  Y  Y  N  Y  Y  N  N West Africa Togo
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N West Africa Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y East Asia China, North Korea, Mongolia
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N East Asia South Korea, Taiwan[7]
6A  Y  Y  N  Y  N  Y  N East Asia Japan
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y South Asia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
7E  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N South Asia India
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N South Asia Pakistan
60  Y  Y  N  N  N  N  N South Asia Maldives
58  Y  N  Y  Y  N  N  N South Asia Bhutan
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Southeast Asia Cambodia, Singapore, Vietnam
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Southeast Asia Thailand
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Southeast Asia Malaysia
4C  Y  N  N  Y  Y  N  N Southeast Asia Indonesia[8][9]
60  Y  Y  N  N  N  N  N Southeast Asia Laos
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Southeast Asia Brunei Darussalam, East Timor, Myanmar, Philippines
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Western Asia Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus,[10] Georgia, Turkey
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Western Asia Israel
74  Y  Y  Y  N  Y  N  N Western Asia Jordan, Kuwait
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Western Asia Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates
44  Y  N  N  N  Y  N  N Western Asia Oman, Palestinian territories[11][12]
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Western Asia Iran,[12] Iraq,[12] Lebanon, Syria,[12] Yemen[13]
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Eastern Europe Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Ukraine
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Eastern Europe Poland
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Northern Europe Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, Republic of Ireland[14]
7E  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N Northern Europe Finland
76  Y  Y  Y  N  Y  Y  N Northern Europe United Kingdom
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Southern Europe Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Kosovo,[15] Montenegro, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Republic of Macedonia
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Southern Europe Andorra, San Marino
00  N  N  N  N  N  N  N Southern Europe Holy See, Malta (However, in Malta abortions are de facto allowed to save the mother's life.)[16]
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Western Europe Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Western Europe Liechtenstein
4C  Y  N  N  Y  Y  N  N Western Europe Monaco
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Caribbean Cuba
7E  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N Caribbean Barbados, St. Vincent and the Grenadines
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Caribbean Bahamas
78  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N Caribbean Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Caribbean Grenada, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Haiti
00  N  N  N  N  N  N  N Caribbean Dominican Republic
76  Y  Y  Y  N  Y  Y  N Central America Belize
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Central America Costa Rica
4C  Y  N  N  Y  Y  N  N Central America Panama
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Central America Guatemala, Honduras
00  N  N  N  N  N  N  N Central America El Salvador, Nicaragua
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y South America Guyana, Uruguay
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N South America Colombia
78  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N South America Bolivia
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N South America Ecuador, Peru
68  Y  Y  N  Y  N  N  N South America Argentina[17]
4C  Y  N  N  Y  Y  N  N South America Chile (2017)[خ]
48  Y  N  N  Y  N  N  N South America Brazil
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N South America Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y North America Canada, Mexico[د], United States[ذ].
7F  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y Australasia Australia (Varies state by state. See Abortion in Australia.)
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Australasia New Zealand
7C  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N Melanesia Fiji
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Melanesia Vanuatu
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Melanesia Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands[23]
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Micronesia Nauru
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Palau
78  Y  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N Polynesia Cook Islands
70  Y  Y  Y  N  N  N  N Polynesia Niue, Samoa
40  Y  N  N  N  N  N  N Polynesia Tonga, Tuvalu
  1. ^ The source cited in support of this table[1] contains additional information and/or clarifications regarding some listed countries.
  2. ^ To save a woman's life
  3. ^ To preserve a woman's physical health
  4. ^ To preserve a woman's mental health
  5. ^ The 2013 source cited in support of this table asserts, based on 2006 law, that abortion is not allowed in South Sudan to save the life of the mother,[1] However, the South Sudan Penal Code Act of 2008 added phraseology to articles 216 and 220 which allowed abortion in that case.[3]
  6. ^ In December 2016, the National Assembly of Chad passed an updated penal code decriminalising abortion under limited circumstances. Article 358 states that abortion is allowed in case of sexual assault, rape, incest or when the pregnancy endangers the mental or physical health or the life of the mother or the fetus. On 8 May 2017, the new penal code was enacted by the President Idriss Deby. It became law on 1 August 2017.[5]
  7. ^ On July 19, 2017,[18] the Senate of Chile approved legislation permitting abortion under limited circumstances (if the pregnancy endangers the life of the woman, if the fetus is not viable, if the pregnancy resulted from rape) with 22 votes in favor and 13 against.[19] On August 3, the Chamber of Deputies of Chile approved the legislation with 70 votes in favor, 45 votes against and 1 abstention.[19] On August 21, 2017,[20] Chile's Constitutional Court accepted the constitutionality of the measure with a 6-4 vote.[21] Law 21.030 was promulgated by President Michelle Bachelet on September 14, to enter in effect in December 2017.[22]
  8. ^ Varies by state. See Abortion in Mexico.
  9. ^ Varies by state. See Abortion in the United States by state


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أوروبا

 
Conscientious objection to abortion by doctors in Europe[24]
  Allowed
  Not allowed

Despite a wide variation in the restrictions under which it is permitted, abortion is legal in most European countries. The exceptions are Malta, Northern Ireland, and the micro-states of Vatican City, San Marino, Liechtenstein and Andorra, where abortion is illegal or severely restricted.[25][26] The other states with existent, but less severe restrictions are Poland and Monaco. All the remaining states make abortion legal on request or for social and economic reasons during the first trimester. When it comes to later-term abortions, there are very few with laws as liberal as those of the United States.[27] Restrictions on abortion are most stringent in a few countries that are strongly observant of the Catholic religion.[25]

الإتحاد الأوربي

Most countries in the European Union allow abortion on demand during the first trimester, with Sweden, the UK and the Netherlands having more extended time limits.[28] After the first trimester, abortion is generally allowed only under certain circumstances, such as risk to woman's life or health, fetal defects or other specific situations that may be related to the circumstances of the conception or the woman's age. For instance, in Austria, second trimester abortions are allowed only if there is a serious risk to physical health of woman (that cannot be averted by other means); risk to mental health of woman (that cannot be averted by other means); immediate risk to life of woman (that cannot be averted by other means); serious fetal impairment (physical or mental); or if the woman is under 14 years of age. Some countries, such as Denmark, allow abortion after the first trimester for a variety of reasons, including socioeconomic ones, but a woman needs an authorization to have such an abortion.[29] Similarly, in Finland, technically abortions even just up to 12 weeks require authorization from two doctors (unless special circumstances), but in practice the authorization is only a rubber stamp and it is granted if the mother simply does not wish to have a baby.[30]

Access to abortion in much of Europe depends not as much on the letter of the law, but on the prevailing social views which lead to the interpretation of the laws. In much of Europe, laws which allow a second-trimester abortion due to mental health concerns (when it is deemed that the woman's psychological health would suffer from the continuation of the pregnancy) have come to be interpreted very liberally, while in some areas it is difficult to have a legal abortion even in the early stages of pregnancy due to conscientious objection by doctors refusing to perform abortions against their personal moral or religious convictions.[31]

Malta is the only EU country that bans abortion in all cases and does not have an exception for situations where the woman's life is in danger. The law, however, is not strictly enforced in relation to instances where a pregnancy endangers the woman's life.[32]

Abortion in Italy was legalized in 1978.[33] However, the law allows health professionals to refuse to perform an abortion. This conscientious objection has the practical effect of restricting access to abortion.[34]

In Ireland, before December 2018, abortion was illegal except cases where a woman's life was endangered by the continuation of her pregnancy. However, in a 2018 referendum a large majority of Irish citizens voted to repeal the constitutional amendment prohibiting legislation relating to the termination of non-life-threatening pregnancies; and the new law enacted (the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018) allows abortion on request up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in certain circumstances at later stages. Northern Ireland, although part of the UK, retains its near complete ban on abortion. However the Irish government has stated that Northern Ireland residents may access abortion services in the Republic free of charge.[35]

Europe's formerly Communist countries have liberal abortion laws. An exception is Poland, a country with a strict abortion law. Abortion is allowed only in cases of risk to the life or health of the woman, when the pregnancy is a result of a criminal act (the criminal act has to be confirmed by a prosecutor), or when the fetus is seriously malformed. A doctor who performs an abortion which is deemed to not have a legal basis is subject to criminal prosecution, and, out of fear of prosecution, doctors avoid abortions, except in the most extreme circumstances.

Most European countries have laws which stipulate that minor girls need their parents' consent or that the parents must be informed of the abortion. In most of these countries however, this rule can be circumvented if a committee agrees that the girl may be posed at risk if her parents find out about the pregnancy, or that otherwise it is in her best interests to not notify her parents. The interpretation in practice of these laws depends from region to region, as with the other abortion laws.[31] Some countries differentiate between younger pregnant minors and older ones, with the latter not subjected to parental restrictions (for example under or above 16).[36]

In countries where abortion is illegal or restricted, it is common for women to travel to neighboring countries with more liberal laws. It was estimated in 2007 that over 6,000 Irish women travel to Britain to have abortions every year.[31]

الولايات المتحدة الامريكية

المقالة الرئيسية: Abortion in the United States

In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide. It established a minimal period during which abortion must be legal (with more or fewer restrictions throughout the pregnancy). This basic framework, modified in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), is still in effect today. In accordance with Planned Parenthood v. Casey, states cannot place legal restrictions posing an undue burden for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus."[37] Although this legal framework established by the Supreme Court is very liberal (particularly with regard to the gestational age), in practice the effective availability of abortion varies significantly from state to state. [38]

البلدان التي لديها قوانين أكثر تقييدًا

According to a report by Women on Waves, approximately 25% of the world's population lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws" - that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category of countries includes most countries in Latin America, most countries of MENA, approximately half of the countries of Africa, seven countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as one country (Malta) and the Northern Ireland region of the UK in Europe.[39]

Latin America is the region with the most restrictive abortion laws. Fewer than 3% of the women in this region live in countries with liberal abortion laws — that is, where abortion is permitted either without restriction as to reason or on socioeconomic grounds.[40] Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws.[41][42]

بداية الجدل الحمل

المقالة الرئيسية: Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle.[48] However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.[50]

استثناءات في قانون الإجهاض

Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is, as a general rule illegal, or in countries which have abortion on request with gestational limits (for example if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances).[51]

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, the Republic of Ireland allowed abortion only to save the life of the mother, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.[52]

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen US states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.[53]

Many[vague] countries allow for abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

القوانين الأخرى ذات الصلة

المقالة الرئيسية: Legal protection of access to abortion

Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone". This area is intended to limit how close to these facilities demonstration by those who oppose abortion can approach. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending upon the law, or are prohibited altogether. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars.[54] Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act[55]).

القانون كما حددتها الحالات السابقة

Australia

Canada

Germany

Ireland

South Africa

United Kingdom

United States

European Court of Human Rights

أنظر أيضا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب ت World Abortion Policies 2013 (archived from the original on 2016-04-15)
  2. ^ Moftah, Lora (19 December 2014). "Mozambique Legalizes Abortion: President Signs Law Seeking To Curb High Maternal Mortality Rate". International Business Times. Retrieved 19 December 2016. The new law signed by Guebuza Thursday will ease abortion regulations in the country, allowing women to electively terminate their pregnancies during the first 12 weeks, except in the case of rape, which would extend the legal period to 16 weeks.Durr, Benjamin (26 January 2015). "Mozambique loosens anti-abortion laws". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  3. ^ "ACTS SUPPLEMENT No. 1" (PDF). The Southern Sudan Gazette No. 1. Ministry Legal Affairs and Constitutional Development, Government of South Sudan. February 10, 2009.
  4. ^ "Angola 24 Horas - Novo Código Penal angolano despenaliza homossexualidade e permite aborto em certos casos". angola24horas.com.
  5. ^ "Tchad Code Pénal 2017 - Loi n°001/PR/2017" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  6. ^ Miller, Bryn (June 10, 2016). "Morocco Liberalizes Abortion Laws, Amends Penal Code". Morocco World News. Retrieved November 3, 2016. Yesterday's reform amended the law to allow abortion in cases of incest, rape, and birth defects.
  7. ^ "Termination of Pregnancy and Abortion in Taiwan - Taiwan - Angloinfo". Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2016-12-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Safe abortion in Indonesia: a matter of law". Simavi. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2016. Abortion is legal when there is fetal impairment or when the mother is a victim of rape.
  9. ^ Putri Sundawa, Shela (August 24, 2014). "Why Indonesia should legalize abortion". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved November 6, 2016. Abortion in Indonesia remains prohibited in most cases, unless the mother's life is in danger or in the case of rape.
  10. ^ "Parliament decriminalises abortion (Updated) - Cyprus Mail". Cyprus Mail (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
  11. ^ Taha, Sabreen (8 March 2016). "For Palestinian women, abortion can mean lies, jail or worse". Reuters. Retrieved 19 December 2016. According to the Palestinian Health Ministry, doctors are permitted to perform abortions only when pregnancy endangers the mother's life, but not if it is a peril to her mental health. When fetal impairment is detected, an abortion can be performed if both parents consent, but terminating a pregnancy that resulted from rape or incest is banned, the ministry said.
  12. ^ أ ب ت ث Malkin, Noga (26 May 2019). "Alabama, Iran, or Saudi Arabia? We Checked Where Abortion Laws Are Better for Women". Haaretz. In about half of the countries [in the Middle East] (including Iran, Syria, the Palestinian territories and Iraq), abortions are only allowed when a woman's life is in danger but not in any other case — not even for rape or incest, just like in Alabama.
  13. ^ "Yemen". United Nations. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  14. ^ "Irish president signs bill legalising abortion". BBC News. December 20, 2018.
  15. ^ Gjocaj, Shqipe (14 April 2016). "Women: Kosovo's powerless reproductive force". pi.com. Prishtina Insight. Despite abortion being legal up to the tenth week of pregnancy, girls and women do not have access to sexual education
  16. ^ "Malta now only EU country without life-saving abortion law - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt.
  17. ^ "Penal Code of the Argentine Nation – Article 86". InfoLEG.
  18. ^ Reuters (19 July 2017). "Chile passes bill to legalize abortion in certain cases" – via The Guardian. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ أ ب CNN, Spencer Feingold. "Chilean lawmakers vote to ease abortion ban". CNN. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Chile court ruling ends abortion ban; new law allows in limited cases". {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  21. ^ News, ABC. "Chile court rules in favor of abortion in some cases". Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-22. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Vargas, Felipe (14 September 2017). "Bachelet promulga ley de aborto en tres causales en uno de los actos más masivos en La Moneda". EMOL.
  23. ^ Abortion Policies: Oman to Zimbabwe. United Nations Publications. 2001. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  24. ^ Network, European Data Journalism. "Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted".
  25. ^ أ ب Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Bossé, Mathias (7 March 2011). The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment. Guilford Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-59385-384-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  26. ^ Kelly, Jon (2016-04-08). "Why are Northern Ireland's abortion laws different to the rest of the UK?". BBC News.
  27. ^ Jenkins, Philip (11 May 2007). God's continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe's religious crisis. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-19-531395-6. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  28. ^ "Malta now only EU country without life-saving abortion law". The Malta Independent. July 14, 2013.
  29. ^ "1973 Danish abortion law Lovitidende for Kongeriget Danmark". Harvard Law. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
  30. ^ Rämö, Aurora (28 May 2018). "Suomessa abortin saa helposti, vaikka laki on yksi Euroopan tiukimmista". Suomen Kuvalehti. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  31. ^ أ ب ت "Abortion legislation in Europe" (PDF). International Planned Parenthood Federation. January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Malta now only EU country without life-saving abortion law". Malta Independent. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  33. ^ "Law 194" (PDF). Columbia. Italian legislation. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  34. ^ Tamma, Paola (24 May 2018). "Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted". VoxEurop/EDJNet. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  35. ^ "Women from Northern Ireland will be allowed access abortion in Republic - Harris". The Irish Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2018-12-21.
  36. ^ Worrell, Marc. "Serbia: abortion law". Women on Waves.
  37. ^ Casey, 505 U.S. at 877.
  38. ^ Alesha Doan (2007). Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment. University of Michigan Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780472069750.
  39. ^ Worrell, Marc. "Abortion Laws Worldwide". Women on Waves.
  40. ^ "Abortion in Latin America and the Caribbean". 10 May 2016.
  41. ^ "El Salvador: Rape survivor sentenced to 30 years in jail under extreme anti-abortion law". www.amnesty.org.
  42. ^ "Jailed for a miscarriage". BBC News.
  43. ^ "How Doctors Date Pregnancies, Explained - Rewire".
  44. ^ Choices, NHS. "Abortion - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk.
  45. ^ "Pregnancy—first day of the last menstrual period". meteor.aihw.gov.au.
  46. ^ "Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD) Pregnancy Calculator". reference.medscape.com.
  47. ^ "gestational age".
  48. ^ Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:[43][44][45][46]}[47]
  49. ^ "Loi du 17 décembre 2014 portant modification 1) du Code pénal et 2) de la loi du 15 novembre 1978 relative à l'information sexuelle, à la prévention de l'avortement clandestin et à la réglementation de l'interruption volontaire de grossesse. - Legilux". legilux.public.lu.
  50. ^ For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d’aménorrhée[...]" which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".[49]
  51. ^ helsedepartementet, Sosial- og (18 May 2000). "About the Abortion Act". Government.no.
  52. ^ "'Health' of the Mother". Newsweek. October 15, 2008{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  53. ^ "States probe limits of abortion policy". Stateline. June 22, 2006.
  54. ^ Center for Reproductive Rights. (n.d.). Picketing and Harassment. Retrieved December 14, 2006. Archived نوفمبر 30, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ "Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 [No. 92 of 1996] - G 17602". www.saflii.org.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=قانون_الاجهاض&oldid=2064789"