المعرفة

سانتا مونيكا، كاليفورنيا

"سانتا مونيكا" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر سانتا مونيكا (توضيح).

سانتا مونيكا (Santa Monica) هي مدينة ساحلية في مقاطعة لوس أنجليز الغربية، في كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. المدينة تجاور خليج سانتا مونيكا (في المحيط الهادي) غرباً، وپاسيفيك پاليسيدز وبرنتوود شمالاً، وغرب لوس أنجليس ومار ڤيستا شرقاً، وڤنس جنوباً. طبقاً لإحصاء السكان عام 2000، المدينة بها 84084 نسمة، ولكن الإحصائيات التقديرية لعام 2006 قدرت عدد السكان بحوالي 103255. سميت سانتا مونيكا بهذا الاسم تيمناً بالقدّيسة مونيكا من هيبو ريجيوس، لأن منطقة المدينة زارها الإسبان أول مرة في يوم عيدها. بسبب طقسها الحسن، مدينة سانتا مونيكا أصبحت منتجعاً مشهوراً منذ بدايات القرن العشرين. المدينة واجهت إزدهاراً منذ أواخر الثمانينات مع تزايد السياحة.

سانتا مونيكا
Santa Monica
مدينة
Santa Monica State Beach
Santa Monica State Beach
Georgian Hotel
Georgian Hotel
St. Monica Church
St. Monica Church
Third Street Promenade
Third Street Promenade
Hotel Casa del Mar
Hotel Casa del Mar
Sovereign Hotel
Sovereign Hotel
الختم الرسمي لـ سانتا مونيكا
Seal
الكنية: 
SaMo[1]
الشعار: 
Populus felix in urbe felice
(لاتينية for 'Happy people in a happy city' / 'Fortunate people in a fortunate land')[2]
خطأ لوا في وحدة:Mapframe على السطر 384: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value).
موقع سانتا مونيكا في مقاطعة لوس أنجلس، كاليفورنيا
سانتا مونيكا is located in كاليفورنيا
سانتا مونيكا
سانتا مونيكا
موقع سانتا مونيكا في مقاطعة لوس أنجلس، كاليفورنيا
الإحداثيات: 34°01′19″N 118°28′53″W / 34.02194°N 118.48139°W / 34.02194; -118.48139
البلدالولايات المتحدة
الولايةكاليفورنيا
المقاطعةلوس أنجلس
Settled3 أغسطس 1769
أشهِرتDecember 9, 1886
الحكومة
 • العمدةBobby Shriver
 • مجلس المدينةKevin McKeown
Robert Holbrook
Richard Bloom
Gleam Davis
Terry O’Day
Pam O'Connor
المساحة
[3]
 • الإجمالي8٫416 ميل² (21٫797 كم²)
 • البر8٫415 ميل² (21٫794 كم²)
 • الماء0٫001 ميل² (0٫003 كم²)  0.01%
المنسوب
105 ft (32 m)
التعداد
 (2010)
 • الإجمالي89٬736
 • الكثافة11٬000/sq mi (4٬100/km2)
منطقة التوقيتUTC-8 (PST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP codes
90401-90411
Area code310/424
FIPS code06-70000
GNIS feature ID1652792
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.santa-monica.org


Santa Monica traces its history to Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, granted in 1839 to the Sepúlveda family of California. The rancho was later sold to John P. Jones and Robert Baker, who in 1875, along with his Californio heiress wife Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed into a seaside resort during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the creation of tourist attractions such as Palisades Park, the Santa Monica Pier, Ocean Park, and the Hotel Casa del Mar.

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التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Santa Monica, California

قبلما تكتشف مدينة سانتا مونيكا، كانت تسكنها قبيلة تونغفا وهم من الأمريكان القدماء. المجموعة القوقازية الأولى التي دخلت المنطقة كانوا حزب المستكشف جاسبار دي بورتولا، الذي خيّم قرب ما هو الآن جادة ويلشاير في 3 أغسطس 1769. وقد سميت سانتا مونيكا بهذا الاسم تيمناً بالقدّيسة مونيكا من هيبو ريجيوس، لأن منطقة المدينة زارها الإسبان أول مرة في يوم عيدها.

في عام 1872 الأقسام الشمالية من المدينة، والتي كانت مملوكة من قبل عائلة سيبولفيدا، بيع 155 كيلومتراً مربعاً منها إلى العقيد روبرت أ. بيكر وزوجته آركاديا باندني دي ستيرنس بيكر بسعر 54000 دولار أمريكي. والأجزاء الجنوبية المملوكة من قبل عائلتي ماتشادو وتالامانتيس اشترت منها السيدة نانسي أ. لوكا 3.5 كيلومتر مربع لقاء 11000 دولار عام 1874.


الأصلي

The Tongva are Indigenous to the Santa Monica area. The village of Comicranga was established in the Santa Monica area.[4] One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village.[5] During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.[4]

العهد الإسباني

 
Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica was granted in 1839 to the Sepúlveda family of California.

The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.

There are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.[6][7]

العهد المكسيكي

 
1840 adobe home in Santa Monica

In 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica to Francisco Sepúlveda II, of the Sepúlveda family of California. As the definitions of the rancho grant were not precise, the Sepúlveda family came into conflict with the neighboring Rancho Boca de Santa Mónica, owned by Ysidro Reyes and Francisco Márquez. A small Californio community grew up on Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, made up primarily of vaqueros working on the rancho and their families.

عهد ما بعد الفتح

 
Arcadia Bandini de Baker, a prominent Californio heiress, is known as the "Godmother of Santa Monica" for her role in founding the city.[8]

After the American conquest of California, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. U.S. government sovereignty in California began on February 2, 1848.

In the 1870s, the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was an 1873 brick building, later a beer hall, and now part of the Santa Monica Hostel.[9] By 1885, the town's first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel.[10]

Amusement piers became popular in the first decades of the 20th century and the extensive Pacific Electric Railway brought people to the city's beaches from across the Greater Los Angeles Area.

Around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica and Venice. The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans, who were often well-disposed toward the Japanese but condescending to the Chinese.[11] The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community.[12]

 
Ocean Park bathhouse, 1907ح. 1907

Donald Wills Douglas Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field (Santa Monica Airport) for the Douglas Aircraft Company.[13] In 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles (44,342 km) in 175 days, and were greeted on their return September 23, 1924, by a crowd of 200,000. The Douglas Company (later McDonnell Douglas) kept facilities in the city until the 1970s.[14]

The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply. One report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt. In the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica (along with neighboring Los Angeles). The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall. The main Post Office and Barnum Hall (Santa Monica High School auditorium) were also among other WPA projects.[15]

العصر الحديث

 
Aerial view of Santa Monica, 1941ح. 1941

Douglas's business grew with the onset of World War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943. To defend against air attack, set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield.[16][17] The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14, 1948. RAND acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m2) campus across the street from the Civic Center and is still there today.

The completion of the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in 1958 eliminated Belmar, the first African American community in the city,[18] and the Santa Monica Freeway in 1966 decimated the Pico neighborhood that had been a leading African American enclave on the Westside.

Beach volleyball is believed to have been developed by Duke Kahanamoku in Santa Monica during the 1920s.[19]

Santa Monica has two hospitals: Saint John's Health Center and Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center. Its cemetery is Woodlawn Memorial.

Santa Monica has several local newspapers including Santa Monica Daily Press, Santa Monica Mirror, and Santa Monica Star.

الجغرافيا

Santa Monica rests on a mostly flat slope that angles down toward Ocean Avenue and toward the south. High bluffs separate the north side of the city from the beaches. Santa Monica borders the L.A. neighborhoods of Pacific Palisades to the north and Venice to the south. To the west, Santa Monica has a 3-mile coastline fronting Santa Monica Bay, and to the east of the city are the L.A. communities of West Los Angeles and Brentwood.

Climate

 
View of Santa Monica Pier

Santa Monica has a coastal semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk).[20] It receives an average of 310 days of sunshine a year.[21] It is in USDA plant hardiness zone 11a.[22] Because of its location, nestled on the vast and open Santa Monica Bay, morning fog is a common phenomenon in May, June, July and early August (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the "May Gray", the "June Gloom" and even "Fogust". Overcast skies are common on June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time.[23] Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area experience sunny skies and warmer temperatures. At times, the sun can be shining east of 20th Street while the beach area is overcast. As a general rule, the beach temperature is from 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (3 to 6 degrees Celsius) cooler than it is inland during summer days, and 5 to 10 degrees warmer during winter nights.

It is also in September that the highest temperatures tend to be reached. It is winter, however, when the hot, dry winds of the Santa Anas are most common. In contrast, temperatures exceeding 10 degrees below average are rare.

 
Ocean Avenue at sunset

The rainy season is from late October through late March. Winter storms usually approach from the northwest and pass quickly through the Southland. There is very little rain during the rest of the year. Yearly rainfall totals are unpredictable as rainy years are occasionally followed by droughts. There has never been any snow or frost, but there has been hail.

Santa Monica usually enjoys cool breezes blowing in from the ocean, which tend to keep the air fresh and clean. Therefore, smog is less of a problem for Santa Monica than elsewhere around Los Angeles. However, from September through November, the Santa Ana winds sometimes blow from the east, bringing smoggy and hot inland air to the beaches.

The hottest temperature ever reported in Santa Monica was 100 °F (38 °C) on November 1, 1966, while the lowest is 33 °F (1 °C) on March 1, 1945, and again on March 21, 1952. The highest minimum temperature is 72 °F (22 °C) on October 24, 2007, and the lowest maximum temperature is 51 °F (11 °C) on 4 dates in February 2001 and again March 10, 2006. The snowiest months on record are January 1954 and March 1955, both with trace amounts. They are the only months to ever report snowfall. Many months have reported no rainfall at all. Conversely, the wettest month on record is January 1995 with a total of 17.82 inches (453 mm) of rainfall. The wettest year on record is 1998, with a total of 25.4 inches (650 mm) of rainfall; the driest is 1989, with a total of 4.04 inches (103 mm) of rainfall.[24]

بيانات مناخ Santa Monica, California (Santa Monica Pier), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1937–2013
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °ف (°س) 85
(29.4) 		89
(31.7) 		90
(32.2) 		91
(32.8) 		93
(33.9) 		92
(33.3) 		91
(32.8) 		95
(35) 		94
(34.4) 		99
(37.2) 		100
(37.8) 		89
(31.7) 		100
(37٫8)
العظمى المتوسطة °ف (°س) 62.0
(16.67) 		62.2
(16.78) 		61.8
(16.56) 		63.4
(17.44) 		63.4
(17.44) 		66.3
(19.06) 		69.4
(20.78) 		69.7
(20.94) 		70.0
(21.11) 		67.5
(19.72) 		66.9
(19.39) 		63.4
(17.44) 		65٫5
(18٫611)
المتوسط اليومي °ف (°س) 55.8
(13.22) 		56.0
(13.33) 		56.8
(13.78) 		58.3
(14.61) 		59.6
(15.33) 		62.7
(17.06) 		65.4
(18.56) 		66.0
(18.89) 		65.5
(18.61) 		63.0
(17.22) 		60.3
(15.72) 		56.5
(13.61) 		60٫49
(15٫829)
الصغرى المتوسطة °ف (°س) 49.6
(9.78) 		49.7
(9.83) 		51.8
(11) 		53.2
(11.78) 		55.8
(13.22) 		59.2
(15.11) 		61.5
(16.39) 		62.3
(16.83) 		60.9
(16.06) 		58.5
(14.72) 		53.6
(12) 		49.5
(9.72) 		55٫47
(13٫037)
الصغرى القياسية °ف (°س) 34
(1.1) 		35
(1.7) 		33
(0.6) 		39
(3.9) 		43
(6.1) 		45
(7.2) 		49
(9.4) 		51
(10.6) 		44
(6.7) 		42
(5.6) 		37
(2.8) 		34
(1.1) 		33
(0٫6)
هطول inches (mm) 3.08
(78.2) 		3.10
(78.7) 		1.74
(44.2) 		0.57
(14.5) 		0.23
(5.8) 		0.05
(1.3) 		0.03
(0.8) 		0.01
(0.3) 		0.03
(0.8) 		0.49
(12.4) 		0.81
(20.6) 		2.03
(51.6) 		12٫17
(309٫1)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.8 6.9 4.9 2.1 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.9 2.4 5.0 33٫6
Source #1: NOAA[25]
Source #2: National Weather Service (mean maxima/minima 1981–2010)[24]


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Environment

 
View of the city's beaches from Santa Monica Bay

The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994, was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan, setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment.[26] Eighty-two percent of the city's public works vehicles run on alternative fuels, including most of the municipal bus system, making it among the largest such fleets in the country. Santa Monica fleet vehicles and buses source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste.[27]

Santa Monica adopted a Community Energy Independence Initiative, with a goal of achieving complete energy independence by 2020 (vs. California's already ambitious 33% renewables goal).[28][29] The city exceeded that aspiration when, in February 2019, it switched over to electricity from the Clean Power Alliance,[30] with a citywide default of 100% renewably sourced energy.[31] That same year, the Santa Monica City Council adopted a Climate Action and Adaptation Plan aimed at achieving an 80% cut in carbon emissions by 2030, and reaching community-wide carbon neutrality by 2050 or sooner.[32]

 
Annenberg Beach House

An urban runoff facility (SMURFF), the first of its kind in the US, catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons (13,000 m3) of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water,[33] while bioswales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater. The groundwater supply plays an important role in the city's Sustainable Water Master Plan, whereby Santa Monica has set a goal of attaining 100% water independence by 2020.[34] The city has numerous programs designed to promote water conservation among residents, including a rebate for those who convert lawns to drought-tolerant gardens that require less water.[33]

 
Palisades Park, founded in by Arcadia Bandini de Baker in 1892

Santa Monica has also instituted a green building-code whereby merely constructing to code automatically renders a building equivalent to the US Green Building Council's LEED Silver standards.[35] The city's Main Library is one of many LEED certified or LEED equivalent buildings in the city. It is built over a 200,000 gallon cistern that collects filtered stormwater from the roof. The water is used for landscape irrigation.

Since 2009, Santa Monica has been developing the Zero Waste Strategic Operations Plan by which the city will set a goal of diverting at least 95% of all waste away from landfills, and toward recycling and composting, by 2030. The plan includes a food waste composting program, which diverts 3 million pounds of restaurant food waste away from landfills annually. اعتبارا من 2013, 77% of all solid waste produced citywide is diverted from landfills.[36]

Environmentally focused initiatives include curbside recycling, curbside composting bins (in addition to trash, yard-waste, and recycle bins), farmers' markets, community gardens, garden-share, an urban forest initiative, a hazardous materials home-collection service, and a green business certification.[37][38]

As in other coastal beach communities, coastal erosion due to coastal infrastructure and high human usage is an increasing challenge, and will become worse due to sea level rise.[39][40] Starting in 2016, local environmental groups began dune and beach restoration projects.[40][41][42]

النمو السكاني

التعداد تاريخياً
الإحصاء التعداد %±
1880417
—
18901٬580278.9%
19003٬05793.5%
19107٬847156.7%
192015٬25294.4%
193037٬146143.5%
194053٬50044.0%
195071٬59533.8%
196083٬24916.3%
197088٬2896.1%
198088٬3140.0%
199086٬905-1.6%
200084٬084-3.2%
201089٬7366.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[43]
 
Santa Monica City Hall, designed by Donald Parkinson, with terrazo mosaics by Stanton MacDonald-Wright

2020

 
Santa Monica, a 1935 sculpture by Eugene Morahan in Palisades Park

The 2020 United States Census reported Santa Monica had a population of 93,076.[44] This corresponds to density of 11,067.3 people per square mile.[45] The racial makeup of Santa Monica was 63,383 (68.1%) white, 8,602 (9.2%) Asian, 3,776 (4.1%) Black or African American, 539 (0.6%) American Indian and Alaska Native, 123 (0.1%) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 5,347 (5.7%) some other race, and 11,306 (12.1%) people were of two or more races.[44]

Including all responses for people of two or more races, 73,996 (79.5%) were white alone or in combination with one or more other races, 11,864 (12.7%) were Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races, 5,459 (5.9%) were Black or African American alone or in combination, 1,877 (2.0%) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination, 415 (0.4%) were Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander alone or in combination, and 11,619 (12.5%) were some other race alone or in combination with one or more other races.[44]

13,544 (14.6%) were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of those, 2,729 (2.9% of the total population) were white alone, 153 (0.2%) were Black or African American alone, 410 (0.4%) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 136 (0.1%) were Asian alone, 14 (0.0%) were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, 4,542 (4.9%) were some other race alone, and 5,560 (6.0%) were two or more races.[44]

The census reported that Santa Monica had 52,389 housing units. Of those, 47,438 (90.5%) were occupied. 12,856 (27.1%) of the occupied units were owner-occupied and 34,582 (72.9%) were renter-occupied. Of the vacant units, 2,540 (4.8% of total) were for rent, 230 (0.4%) were rented but not occupied, 183 (0.3%) were for sale only, 205 (0.4%) were sold but not occupied, 693 (1.3%) were for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use, and 1,100 (2.1%) were otherwise vacant.[44]

The median household income between 2017 and 2021 was $99,847 (2021 dollars), with 10.6% of people living in poverty. 94.8% of households had a computer between 2017 and 2021, and 91.0% had broadband internet access.[45]

Economy

 
View from Santa Monica Beach

Santa Monica is home to the headquarters of many notable businesses, such as Beachbody, Fatburger,[46] Hulu, Illumination, Otter Media, Lionsgate,[47] Macerich, Miramax, CBS Media Ventures, the RAND Corporation, Saban Capital Group, The Recording Academy (which presents the annual Grammy Awards), TOMS Shoes,[48] Universal Music Group, and ZipRecruiter. Atlantic Aviation[49] is at the Santa Monica Airport. The National Public Radio member station KCRW is on the Santa Monica College campus. VCA Animal Hospitals is just outside the eastern city limit.[50]

A number of game development studios are based in Santa Monica, making it a major location for the industry. These include:

Recently, Santa Monica has emerged as the center of the Los Angeles region called Silicon Beach, and serves as the home of hundreds of venture capital funded startup companies.[55]

 
Universal Music Group operational headquarters

Former Santa Monica businesses include Douglas Aircraft (now merged with Boeing),[56] GeoCities (which in December 1996 was headquartered on the third floor of 1918 Main Street in Santa Monica[57]), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,[58] and MySpace (now headquartered in Beverly Hills).[59]


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Top employers

 
RAND Corporation headquarters

According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,[60] the top employers in the city were:

# Employer # of Employees
1 City of Santa Monica 2,059
2 Santa Monica – UCLA Medical Center 1,965
3 Santa Monica College 1,865
4 Snap Inc. 1,667
5 Universal Music Group 1,400
6 Saint John's Health Center 1,368
7 Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District 1,358
8 Hulu 1,320
9 Oracle Corporation 950
10 Activision 919

Arts and culture

 
Third Street Promenade, leading to Frank Gehry's Santa Monica Place

The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome (carousel) is a National Historic Landmark. It sits on the Santa Monica Pier, which was built in 1909. The La Monica Ballroom on the pier was once the largest ballroom in the US and the source for many New Year's Eve national network broadcasts.

The Santa Monica Civic Auditorium was an important music venue for several decades and hosted the Academy Awards in the 1960s. McCabe's Guitar Shop is a leading acoustic performance space as well as retail outlet. The Santa Monica Playhouse is a popular theater in the city.

Bergamot Station is a city-owned art gallery compound. The city is also home to the California Heritage Museum and the Angels Attic dollhouse and toy museum.

 
The historic Mission Revival/Art Deco fusion Charmont Apartments

The New West Symphony is the resident orchestra of Barnum Hall. They are also resident orchestra of the Oxnard Performing Arts Center and the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza.

Santa Monica hosts the annual Santa Monica Film Festival.[61]

The city's oldest movie theater is the Majestic. Opened in 1912 and also known as the Mayfair Theatre, it has been closed since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The Aero Theater (now operated by the American Cinematheque) and Criterion Theater were built in the 1930s and still show movies.

Notable restaurants have included Madame Wu's Garden,[62] Batterfish, Stout Burgers and Beers, and The Misfit.

Shopping districts

 
The Parkhurst Building, built in 1927 in a Spanish Colonial Revival style

Santa Monica has three main shopping districts: Montana Avenue on the north side, the Downtown District in the city's core, and Main Street on the south end. Each has its own unique feel and personality. Montana Avenue is a stretch of luxury boutique stores, restaurants, and small offices that generally features more upscale shopping. The Main Street district offers an eclectic mix of clothing, restaurants, and other specialty retail.

The Downtown District is the home of the Third Street Promenade, a major outdoor pedestrian-only shopping district that stretches for three blocks between Wilshire Blvd. and Broadway. Third Street is closed to vehicles for those three blocks to allow people to stroll, congregate, shop and enjoy street performers.

The Santa Monica Place, featuring Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom in a three-level outdoor environment, is at the Promenade's southern end. After a period of redevelopment, the mall reopened in the fall of 2010 as a modern shopping, entertainment and dining complex with more outdoor space.[63]

Public library system

The Santa Monica Public Library consists of a Main Library in the downtown area, plus four neighborhood branches: Fairview, Montana Avenue, Ocean Park, and Pico Boulevard.

منظر المدينة

 
شاطئ ورصيف سانتا مونيكا كما يظهرا من نهاية رصيف سانتا مونيكا. Note that the bluff is highest at the north end, to the left of the image
 
سانتا مونيكا

Notable people

المقالة الرئيسية: List of people from Santa Monica, California

المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

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وصلات خارجية

Coordinates: 34°01′06″N 118°29′25″W / 34.01833°N 118.49028°W / 34.01833; -118.49028

قالب:1984 Summer Olympic venues

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=سانتا_مونيكا،_كاليفورنيا&oldid=3998688"