المعرفة

دري (لغة)

اللغة الدَرية فارسية (فارسية: دری؛ فارسی[-شرقی.] در[ی] أفغانستان "الفارسي الشرقي؛ فارسي أفغانستان؛ الدري") هي اللغة شقيقة الفارسية محكية في أفغانستان.[5]. Dari is the term officially recognised and promoted since 1964 by the Afghan government for the Persian language,[6][7] hence it is known as Afghan Persian or Eastern Persian in many Western sources.[8][1][9][10] As Professor Nile Green remarks "the impulses behind renaming of Afghan Persian as Dari were more nationalistic than linguistic" in order to create an Afghan state narrative.[11] Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and Iran. The term "Dari" is officially used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan, but is best restricted to formal spoken registers. Persian-speakers in Afghanistan still prefer to call their language “Farsi,” while Pashto-speakers may sometimes refer to it as "Parsi."[12][13] Farsi Dari serves as the lingua franca for interethnic communications in Afghanistan.

Dari
Dari Farsi, Dari Persian, Afghan Persian, Eastern Persian
دری
Dari.png
Dari in Persian script
(Nastaʿlīq style)
النطق[dæˈɾi]
موطنهاAfghanistan
الناطقون الأصليون
20٫5 million (2000–2011)e18
native language of 25–50% of the Afghan population.[1][1][2][3]
اللهجات
Persian alphabet
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
 أفغانستان
ينظمهاAcademy of Sciences of Afghanistan
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3Variously:
prs – Dari, Afghan Persian
aiq – Aimaq
haz – Hazaragi
Glottologdari1249  Dari
aima1241  Aimaq
haza1239  Hazaragi
Linguasphere58-AAC-ce (Dari) + 58-AAC-cdo & cdp (Hazaragi) + 58-AAC-ck (Aimaq)
IETFfa-AF
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
هذه المقالة تحتوي Persian text. بدون دعم إظهار مناسب، فقد تشاهد علامات استفهام أو مربعات أو رموز أخرى.

As defined in the Constitution of Afghanistan, it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is Pashto.[14] Dari is the most widely spoken language in Afghanistan and the native language of approximately 40–45%[1][2][3][15] of the population.[3] Dari serves as the lingua franca of the country and is understood by up to 78% of the population.[16]

Dari served as the preferred literary and administrative language among non-native speakers, such as the Pashtuns and Mughals, for centuries before the rise of modern nationalism. Also, like Iranian Persian and Tajiki Persian, Dari Persian is a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of the Sassanian Empire (224–651 AD), itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids (550–330 BC).[17][18] In historical usage, Dari refers to the Middle Persian court language of the Sassanids.[19]

وتشتمل أبجديتها على سبعة وثلاثين حرفا: ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ھ ء ی ے. كما تشكل بالهمزة وخمس حركات هي: الفتحة، الكسرة، الضمة، السكون والتشديد.[20]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

أصل الاسم

Dari is a name given to the New Persian language since the 10th century, widely used in Arabic (compare Al-Estakhri, Al-Muqaddasi and Ibn Hawqal) and Persian texts.[21]

Since 1964, it has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there. In Afghanistan, Dari refers to a modern dialect form of Persian that is the standard language used in administration, government, radio, television, and print media. Because of a preponderance of Dari native speakers, who normally refer to the language as Farsi (فارسی, "Persian"), it is also known as "Afghan Persian" in some Western sources.[1][9]

There are different opinions about the origin of the word Dari. The majority of scholars believe that Dari refers to the Persian word dar or darbār (دربار), meaning "court", as it was the formal language of the Sassanids.[6] The original meaning of the word dari is given in a notice attributed to Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (cited by Ibn al-Nadim in Al-Fehrest).[22] According to him, "Pārsī was the language spoken by priests, scholars, and the like; it is the language of Fars." This language refers to Middle Persian.[6] As for Dari, he says, "it is the language of the cities of Madā'en; it is spoken by those who are at the king's court. [Its name] is connected with presence at court. Among the languages of the people of Khorasan and the east, the language of the people of Balkh is predominant."[6]

The Dari language spoken in Afghanistan is not to be confused with the language of Iran called Dari or Gabri, which is a language of the Central Iranian subgroup spoken in some Zoroastrian communities.[23][24]


تصنيف

بالنظر إلى عدم وجود معايير مُتَّفقٍ عليها عالمياً للتفريق بين اللغات واللهجات فإن الكثير من الأكاديميّين والباحثين يختلفون حول الوضع اللغوي والتاريخي والاجتماعي للدارية. ومع أن هناك عدة مبادئ للتفريق بين الغات واللهجات، فإن نتائجها كثيراً ما تكون متناقضة وغير متناغمة أو واضحة. تتراوح الداري من اللهجة العامية المتحدثة بين الناس، إلى الدرية الإريانية الفارسية. وبناءً على ذلك فإن الدارية تُصنَّف عموماً كإحدى أشكال اللغة الفارسية القديمة، ويعتبر أن لها لهجاتها الخاصَّة بها. كما تُصنَّف أحياناً كلغة ارية منفصلة، بنفس الطريقة التي تكون فيها اللغة النرويجية قريبةً للغة الدنماركية لكن منفصلةً عنها مثلا[25].

التوزيع الجغرافي

 
Majority Dari speaking regions of Afghanistan in green

Dari is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan (the other being Pashto). In practice though, it serves as the de facto lingua franca among the various ethnolinguistic groups.

Dari is spoken natively by approximately twenty-five percent to eighty percent of the population of Afghanistan as a primary language.[1][3][26][27][28] Tajiks, who comprise approximately 27% of the population, are the primary speakers, followed by Hazaras (9%) and Aymāqs (4%). Moreover, many Pashtuns living in Tajik and Hazara concentrated areas also use Dari as a first language. The World Factbook states that eighty percent of the Afghan population speaks the Dari language.[1] About 2.5 million Afghans in Iran and Afghans in Pakistan, part of the wider Afghan diaspora, also speak Dari as one of their primary languages.[29]

Dari dominates the northern, western, and central areas of Afghanistan, and is the common language spoken in cities such as Mazar-i-Sharif, Herat, Fayzabad, Panjshir, Bamiyan, and the Afghan capital of Kabul where all ethnic groups are settled. Dari-speaking communities also exist in southwestern and eastern Pashtun-dominated areas such as in the cities of Ghazni, Farah, Zaranj, Lashkar Gah, Kandahar, and Gardez.

الصوتيات

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop/
Affricate 		p b t d tʃ dʒ k ɡ q (ʔ)
Nasal m n
Fricative f s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
Tap ɾ
Approximant l j w
  • Stops /t, d/ are phonetically dental [t̪, d̪].
  • A glottal stop /ʔ/ only appears in words of Arabic origin.
  • A flap sound /ɾ/ may be realized as a trill sound [r], in some environments, mostly word-final position; otherwise, they contrast between vowels wherein a trill occurs as a result of gemination (doubling) of [ɾ], especially in loanwords of Arabic origin. Only [ɾ] occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position, it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words.
  • As in many other languages, /n/ is realized as bilabial [m] before bilabial stops and as velar [ŋ] before velar stops.
  • /f/ is voiced to [v] before voiced consonants.

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i u
ʊ
High-mid e o
Low-mid ɛ
Low a ɑ
Diphthongs
Front Back
High au ui
Mid oi
Low ai ɑi
  • When occurring as lax, the open vowels /a, ɑ/ are raised to [ɐ, ʌ].[30]

Political views and disputes on the language

قالب:Contradicts other

انظر أيضا

مراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ "CIA – The World Factbook, "Afghanistan", Updated on 8 July 2010". Cia.gov. Retrieved 19 August 2013. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "CIA" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  2. ^ أ ب "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica, online ed. Retrieved 10 December 2010. Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ... خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث "Dari". UCLA International Institute: Center for World Languages. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 10 December 2010. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "UCLA" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  4. ^ "'Afghanistan: v.Languages', Table 11". Iranica. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  5. ^ ترجمة معاني للقرآن إلى اللغة الدارية ، الاحـد 23 شـوال 1428 هـ 4 نوفمبر 2007 العدد 10568 الشرق الاوسط اللندنية
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث Lazard, G. "Darī – The New Persian Literary Language Archived 24 نوفمبر 2020 at the Wayback Machine", in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006.
  7. ^ "Tajikam Portal - Secret documents Reveal Afghan Language Policy". tajikam.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  8. ^ "Airgram Farsi to Dari 1964 Embassy Kabul to USA". Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  9. ^ أ ب "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs". SIL International. 18 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  10. ^ Library, International and Area Studies. "LibGuides: Dari Language: Language History". guides.library.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  11. ^ Green, Nile; Arbabzadah, Nushin (2013). Afghanistan in Ink: Literature Between Diaspora and Nation (in الإنجليزية). Hurst. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84904-204-8.
  12. ^ "Afghanistan's Persian Linguistic Identity". The Diplomat (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2021-08-10. Persian speakers in the country say 'the term Dari has been forced on them by the dominant Pashtun ethnic group as an attempt to distance Afghans from their cultural, linguistic, and historical ties to the Persian-speaking world'
  13. ^ "Kāboli". Encyclopaedia Iranica (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 2021-08-09. Persian in Afghanistan is generally called fārsi by Persian-speakers and pārsi in Pashto. The standard written Persian of Afghanistan has officially been called Dari since 1964; apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script), there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term "Dari" is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan, but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements).
  14. ^ "The Afghans – Language Use". United States: Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL). 30 June 2002. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  15. ^ "The World Factbook". 2013-10-15. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  16. ^ "South Asia :: Afghanistan – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  17. ^ Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language"
  18. ^ in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  19. ^ Frye, R. N., "Darī", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Publications, CD version
  20. ^ 한국어-다리어 사전
  21. ^ "DARĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
  22. ^ Ebn al-Nadim, ed. Tajaddod, p. 15; Khjwārazmī, Mafātīh al-olum, pp. 116–17; Hamza Esfahānī, pp. 67–68; Yāqūt, Boldān IV, p. 846
  23. ^ ""Parsi-Dari" Ethnologue". Ethnologue.org. 19 February 1999. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  24. ^ ""Dari, Zoroastrian" Ethnologue". Ethnologue.org. 19 February 1999. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  25. ^ اللغات الهندية الإيرانية - موسوعة المورد، منير البعلبكي، 1991
  26. ^ "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica, online ed. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010. Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...
  27. ^ "Languages of Afghanistan". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2005. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  28. ^ "Dari language". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  29. ^ "Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation". Omniglot.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  30. ^ Mitchell, Rebecca; Naser, Djamal (2017). A Grammar of Dari. München: LINCOM. pp. 20–27.


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وصلات خارجية

 

قالب:Languages of Afghanistan

الكلمات الدالة:
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