المعرفة

حركة المقاومة الإيطالية

حركة المقاومة الإيطالية (إيطالية: Resistenza italiana or just la Resistenza) is an umbrella term for Italian resistance groups during World War II. It was opposed to the forces of Nazi Germany as well as their puppet state local regime, the Italian Social Republic, especially following the German military occupation of Italy between September 1943 and April 1945, though the resistance to the Fascist Italian government began even prior to World War II. The movement that rose among Italians of various social classes is also known as the Italian resistance and the Italian partisans (partigiani in Italian), and the brutal conflict they took part in is referred to as the Italian Liberation War (when referring to the part they took in the Italian Campaign against the Axis) or as the Italian Civil War (when referring specifically to the conflict with Italian Fascists). The modern Italian Republic was declared to be founded on the struggle of the Resistance.

حركة المقاومة الإيطالية
مشارك في the Italian Civil War and World War II
Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svgPartigiani Ossola.jpg
Flag of the National Liberation Committee and some members of the Italian resistance in Ossola, 1944.
فترة النشاطMost active 1943–1945; however, the Resistance actually originated following the rise of Fascist Italy in the 1920s
الأيديولوجيةVarious:
Generally Anti-fascism;
Mainly various forms of communism, socialism, and anarchism;
Republicanism and liberalism
To a lesser extent:
Liberal socialism
Christian democracy
Catholic anti-fascism/Catholic anti-Nazism and Catholic socialism
Social liberalism
Social democracy
Monarchism
الحلفاءAllied powers
الخصومAxis powers (Nazi Germany and Italian Social Republic)

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المقاومة من القوات المسلحة الإيطالية

انظر أيضاً: Italian Co-Belligerent Army


في إيطاليا

 
Italians shot by invading Germans in Barletta, 12 September 1943


حركة الپارتيزان

 
خريطة إيطاليا أثناء الحرب الأهلية، مركزة على الجمهورية الاشتراكية الإيطالية

Rodolfo Graziani estimated the partisan strength at around 70,000-80,000 by May 1944.[1] Some 41% in the Garibaldi Brigades and 29% were Actionists of the Giustizia e Libertà Brigades.[2] One of the strongest units, the 8th Garibaldi Brigade, had 8,050 men (450 without arms) and operated in the Romagna area.[1]

 
An Italian partisan in Florence on August 14, 1944
 
Partisan Alfredo Sforzini


الريف

 
Resistance monument at Lys Pass in the Alps (2008)
 
Partisan memorial Parma


الپارتيزان النساء

 
Carla Capponi, a vice-commander in the Gruppi di azione patriottica


انتفاضة 1944

انظر أيضاً: Italian Partisan Republics


  • إمرأة أُعدِمت شنقاً على الملأ في أحد شوارع روما، بمطلع 1944

  • Three Italian partisans executed by public hanging في ريميني, August 1944

  • German soldier examining the papers of an Italian civilian خارج ميلانو (1944)

  • The Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre memorial relief

  • حجر تذكاري في سورانيا لإثنين من الپارتيزان الإيطاليين – قـُتـِلا في 1944

المساهمات الأجنبية

 
نصب الپارتيزان (Arcevia) بأسماء إيطالية ويوغسلاڤية

التحرير

انتفاضة 1945

 
Monument to the fallen at the burial place of partisans killed on April 26, 1945 at Montù Beccaria (2007)

On April 19, 1945, the CLN called for an insurrection (the April 25 uprising). Bologna was attacked by partisans on April 19 and was liberated on April 21 by the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and the Polish II Corps under Allied command; Parma and Reggio Emilia were freed on April 24.

القتل الانتقامي

 
Mussolini - captured and executed by Italian Partisans, along with his mistress Clara Petacci and three other Fascist officials. (Milan, 1945)

يوم التحرير

 
The 64th anniversary of the liberation of Italy in Florence, Tuscany (25th April 2009)

Since 1949, April 25 has been officially celebrated as Liberation Day, also known as Anniversary of the Resistance. Speaking at the 2014 anniversary, President Giorgio Napolitano said: "The values and merits of the Resistance, from the Partisan movement and the soldiers who sided with the fight for liberation to the Italian armed forces, are indelible and beyond any rhetoric of mythicization or any biased denigration. The Resistance, the commitment to reconquer Italy's liberty and independence, was a great civil engine of ideals, but above all it was a people in arms, a courageous mobilization of young and very young citizens who rebelled against foreign power."[3]


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انظر أيضاً

In works of popular culture

References

  1. ^ أ ب Moseley, Roger (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publishing.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Longhi, Silvano (2010). Die Juden und der Widerstand gegen den Faschismus in Italien: 1943 - 1945. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ "Italy celebrates Liberation Day - Politics - ANSAMed.it". Ansamed.info. 1944-06-04. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Italian Communist Party قالب:Italian Socialist Party

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