المعرفة

هولندا الكاريبي

(تم التحويل من جزر الكاريبي الهولندية)
لمعلومات عن كل الكيانات الكاريبية ذات الصلة الدستورية بهولندا، انظر الكاريبي الهولندي.

هولندا الكاريبي Caribbean Netherlands‏[7][8] (هولندية: Caribisch Nederland, تـُنطق [kaːˌribis ˈneːdərlɑnt]) are the three special municipalities of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean Sea. They consist of the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba,[9][nb 1] although the term "Caribbean Netherlands" is sometimes used to refer to all of the islands in the Dutch Caribbean. In legislation, the three islands are also known as the BES islands (an acronym of their names). The islands are currently classified as public bodies in the Netherlands and as overseas countries and territories of the European Union; thus, EU law does not automatically apply.

هولندا الكاريبي
Caribisch Nederland  (هولندية)
Caribbean Netherlands
منطقة وراء البحار ضمن هولندا
علم هولندا الكاريبي
Flag
درع هولندا الكاريبي
Coat of arms
موقع هولندا الكاريبي (أخضر وعليه دوائر). من اليسار إلى اليمين: بونير، سابا، وسنت أوستاتيوس
موقع هولندا الكاريبي (أخضر وعليه دوائر). من اليسار إلى اليمين: بونير، سابا، وسنت أوستاتيوس
الإحداثيات: 12°11′N 68°14′W / 12.183°N 68.233°W / 12.183; -68.233
البلد هولندا
Special municipalities
اندمجت في هولندا10 أكتوبر 2010 (فض الأنتيل الهولندية)
الحكومة
 (انظر سياسة هولندا)
 • النائب الوطني.يان هلموند
 • Lt. Governors
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي328 كم² (127 ميل²)
أعلى منسوب

(Mount Scenery)
887 m (2٬910 ft)
التعداد
 (1 January 2019)[2]
 • الإجمالي25٬157
 • الكثافة77/km2 (200/sq mi)
اللغات
 • الرسميةالهولندية
 • الإقليمية المعترف بها
منطقة التوقيتUTC−4 (AST)
Calling code+599
ISO 3166 codeBQ, NL-BQ1, NL-BQ2, NL-BQ3
العملةدولار الولايات المتحدة ($) (USD)[4]
Internet TLD

Bonaire (including the islet of Klein Bonaire) is one of the Leeward Antilles and is located close to the coast of Venezuela. Sint Eustatius and Saba are in the main Lesser Antilles group and are located south of Sint Maarten and northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Caribbean Netherlands has a population of 25,157 as of January 2019.[10]

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الوضع القانوني

The three islands gained their current status following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010.[11] At the same time, the islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten became autonomous countries (هولندية: landen) within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[12] The island of Aruba is also a constituent country of the Kingdom located in the Caribbean. The term "Dutch Caribbean" may refer to the three special municipalities (e.g. for stamps), but may also refer to all of the Caribbean islands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The population of the Caribbean Netherlands is .[13] Their total area is 328 square kilometres (127 sq mi).

The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands first voted in the 2012 Dutch general election.[14]


الادارة

The special municipalities (هولندية: bijzondere gemeenten) carry many of the functions normally performed by people. The executive power rests with the Governing Council headed by an Island Governor. The main democratic body is the island council. Dutch citizens of these three islands are entitled to vote in Dutch national elections and (as all Dutch nationals) in European elections.

Officially the islands are classed in Dutch law as being openbare lichamen (literally translated as "public bodies") and not gemeenten (municipalities). Unlike normal municipalities, they do not form part of a Dutch province[15] and the powers normally exercised by provincial councils within municipalities are divided between the island governments themselves and the central government by means of the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands. For this reason, they are called "special" municipalities.

For many Dutch laws there is a special version for the Caribbean Netherlands.[16] For example, social security is not on the same level as it is in the European Netherlands.[17]

العلم الاسم العاصمة المساحة[18] التعداد[19]
(January 2019) 		الكثافة
  بونير
Kralendijk
 294 km2 (114 sq mi) 20,104 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
  سابا
The Bottom
 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi) 1,915 148/km2 (380/sq mi)
  سنت أوستاتيوس
Oranjestad
 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) 3,138 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
الإجمالي 328 km2 (127 sq mi) 25,157 77/km2 (200/sq mi)


المكتب الوطني

The National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands (هولندية: Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland) is responsible for taxation, policing, immigration, transport infrastructure, health, education, and social security in the islands and provides these services on behalf of the Government of the Netherlands.[20] This agency was established as the Regional Service Center in 2008 and became the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands on 1 September 2010.[21][22] The current director is Jan Helmond.[23] The Representative for the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba represents the Government of the Netherlands on the islands and also performs tasks similar to a King's Commissioner.[بحاجة لمصدر] The current representative is Gilbert Isabella.[24]

العلاقة بالاتحاد الأوروپي

 
الأقاليم الخاصة بالاتحاد الأوروپي

The islands do not form part of the European Union and instead constitute "overseas countries and territories" (OCT status) of the Union, to which special provisions apply.[nb 2] The Lisbon Treaty introduced a procedure where the European Council may change the status of an overseas territory of Denmark, France, or the Netherlands regarding the application of the EU treaties to that territory.[nb 3] In June 2008, the Dutch government published a survey of the legal and economic impacts by a switched status from OCT to outermost region (OMR).[25][26] The position of the islands was reviewed after a five-year transitional period, which began with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in October 2010.[27] The review was conducted as part of the planned review of the Dutch "Act for the public bodies Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" (هولندية: "Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (WolBES)"), where the islands have been granted the option to become an OMR – and thus a direct part of the European Union.[28] In October 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with European Netherlands was not working well within the framework of WolBES, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from OCT to OMR status would help improve this situation.[29][30][31][32]

الجغرافيا

The Caribbean Netherlands form part of the Lesser Antilles. Within this island group,

  • Map showing Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba

  • Relative distance between mainland Netherlands in Europe and the Caribbean Netherlands

  • The Caribbean BES islands are subdivisions of the country of the Netherlands and are therefore referred to as the "Caribbean Netherlands."

المناخ

The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Islands are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.

العملة

Until 1 January 2011, the three islands used the Netherlands Antillean guilder; after that all three switched to the US dollar, rather than the euro (which is used in the European Netherlands) or the Caribbean guilder (which is being adopted by the other two former Antillean islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten).[33]

الاتصالات

The telephone country code remains 599, that of the former Netherlands Antilles, and is shared with Curaçao. The International Organization for Standardization has assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code ISO 3166-2:BQ for these islands.[34] The IANA has not established a root zone for the .bq Internet ccTLD and whether it will be used is unknown.

انظر أيضاً


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ملاحظات

  1. ^ .bq is designated, but not in use, for the Caribbean Netherlands.[5][6] Like the rest of the Netherlands, .nl is primarily in use.
  1. ^ "Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" is the listed English name for the territorial grouping in the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1, where the English spelling was corrected with the release of ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-9 Archived 5 فبراير 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ^ Per the Annex II of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
  3. ^ Now contained in Article 355(6) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

الهامش

  1. ^ https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden
  2. ^ https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83698NED/table?ts=1578654405815
  3. ^ "Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Archived from the original on 17 يناير 2015. Retrieved 14 أكتوبر 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ^ "Wet geldstelsel BES". Dutch government. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  5. ^ "BQ – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba". ISO. Archived from the original on 17 يونيو 2016. Retrieved 29 أغسطس 2014.
  6. ^ "Delegation Record for .BQ". IANA. 20 ديسمبر 2010. Archived from the original on 30 يوليو 2012. Retrieved 30 ديسمبر 2010.
  7. ^ "Changes per 10.10.10". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 27 سبتمبر 2015. Retrieved 16 أغسطس 2015. Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba (the Caribbean Netherlands)
  8. ^ "Island guide Caribbean Netherlands – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba" (PDF). Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 سبتمبر 2015. Retrieved 16 أغسطس 2015. We proudly present you the Island Guide Caribbean Netherlands. This information booklet has been published by the Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland for all the three islands: Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |layurl= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Nature Policy Plan The Caribbean Netherlands" (PDF). Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ... while the other islands, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba, are Dutch overseas public bodies and as such are part of the country of the Netherlands. Collectively these three islands are known as the Caribbean Netherlands ...
  10. ^ https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden
  11. ^ "Besluit van 23 september 2010 tot vaststelling van het tijdstip van inwerkingtreding van de artikelen I en II van de Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen" (in Dutch). Overheid.nl. 1 أكتوبر 2010. Archived from the original on 15 يوليو 2011. Retrieved 27 يونيو 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ "Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom". Government.nl. Archived from the original on 30 أكتوبر 2016.
  13. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  14. ^ "Verkiezingen Caribische graadmeter – Binnenland – Telegraaf.nl". www.telegraaf.nl. Archived from the original on 16 أبريل 2017. Retrieved 2 مايو 2018.
  15. ^ "31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal. Archived from the original on 25 نوفمبر 2010. Retrieved 15 أكتوبر 2010. De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. (The public bodies (...), because they are not part of a Province).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  16. ^ "Wet- en regelgeving" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)[التحقق مطلوب]
  17. ^ Rob Bijl and Evert Pommer. "Summary and conclusions – The Caribbean Netherlands five years after the transition" (PDF). kennisopenbaarbestuur.nl.
  18. ^ https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden
  19. ^ https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden
  20. ^ "Vacatures". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  21. ^ "Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 2 أبريل 2015. Retrieved 29 مايو 2013.
  22. ^ "FAQ". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 2 أبريل 2015. Retrieved 29 مايو 2013.
  23. ^ "Agreement on labor conditions Civil servants Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 3 أكتوبر 2016. Retrieved 30 سبتمبر 2016.
  24. ^ "Mr. Isabella will be Kingdom Representative for the public entities Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  25. ^ "Schurende rechtsordes: Over juridische implicaties van de UPG-status voor de eilandgebieden van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen)" (PDF) (in Dutch). Eerstekamer.nl. 19 يونيو 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 أبريل 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  26. ^ "Economische gevolgen van de status van ultraperifeer gebied voor de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba / SEOR" (PDF) (in Dutch). Eerstekamer.nl. 19 يونيو 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 يوليو 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  27. ^ "Tweede Kamer, vergaderjaar 2008–2009, 31700 IV, nr.3: Brief van de staatssecretaris van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties met het kabinetsstandpunt over de rapporten over de UPG status voor de eilandgebieden van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba" (PDF) (in Dutch). Eerstekamer.nl. 21 أكتوبر 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 يوليو 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  28. ^ "Kamerstuk 31954 nr.7: Regels met betrekking tot de openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba)" (in Dutch). Overheid.nl. 14 أكتوبر 2009. Archived from the original on 14 يوليو 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  29. ^ Pro Facto – Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (أغسطس 2015). "Vijf jaar Caribisch Nederland: De werking van wetgeving" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 مارس 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  30. ^ DSP-Groep (23 سبتمبر 2015). "Vijf jaar Caribisch Nederland: Werking van de nieuwe bestuurlijke structuur" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 مارس 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  31. ^ Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (أكتوبر 2015). "Vijf jaar Caribisch Nederland: Gevolgen voor de bevolking" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 مارس 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  32. ^ Evaluatiecommissie Caribisch Nederland (12 أكتوبر 2015). "VIJFJAAR VERBONDE BONAIRE, SINT EUSTATIUS, SABA EN EUROPEES NEDERLAND (Rapport van de commissie evaluatie uitwerking van de nieuwe staatkundige structuur Caribisch Nederland)" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 مارس 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |2= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  33. ^ "The Dutch Caribbean". Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal. Archived from the original on 20 يونيو 2014.
  34. ^ "ISO 3166-1 decoding table". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 4 يونيو 2012. Retrieved 16 ديسمبر 2010.

وصلات خارجية

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for هولندا الكاريبي.

قالب:Special municipalities of the Netherlands

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