اللغة القيرغيزية

يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Fuyu Kyrgyz language.

اللغة القيرغيزية (Kyrgyz‏ هي إحدى اللغات التوركية من فرع القپچاق المحكي في أسيا الوسطى. Kyrgyz is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority language in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, China and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan. There is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Altay. A dialect of Kyrgyz known as Pamiri Kyrgyz is spoken in north-eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.

Kyrgyz
Кыргыз тилиcode: ky is deprecated قىرعىز تىلىcode: ky is deprecated
Kyrgyz written in Cyrillic and Perso-Arabic scripts
النطق	[qɯɾʁɯzˈtʃɑ]
موطنها	Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China
المنطقة	آسيا الوسطى
العرق	Kyrgyz
الناطقون الأصليون	5٫15 million (2009 census)e26
عائلة اللغات	Turkic Common Turkic القپچاق Kyrgyz–Kipchak Kyrgyz
اللهجات	Pamiri Kyrgyz
نظام الكتابة	Kyrgyz alphabets (Cyrillic script, Perso-Arabic script, Kyrgyz Braille)
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	قيرغيزستان الصين Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Organisations: قالب:Country data Organization of Turkic States منظمة معاهدة الأمن الجماعي
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	kir
ISO 639-2	kir
ISO 639-3	kir
Glottolog	kirg1245
Linguasphere	44-AAB-cd
الأماكن التي يُحكى فيها القيرغيزية

A speaker of the Kyrgyz language in traditional dress, recorded on the Chunkurchak pasture on the outskirts of Bishkek during an interview

Azim, a speaker of the Kyrgyz language, recorded in Taiwan

Kyrgyz is also spoken by many ethnic Kyrgyz through the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Turkey, parts of northern Pakistan, and Russia.

Kyrgyz was originally written in Göktürk script, gradually replaced by the Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940 a Latin-script alphabet, the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although the plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion.

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 التبويب

Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language, forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz.

 التاريخ

In 925, when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks, resulting in a language shift.

After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and a series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty, Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan, which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam. Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh, Uzbek and Uighur.

 الصياتة

المقالة الرئيسية: Kyrgyz phonology

Kyrgyz vowel phonemes

	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	y	ɯ	u
Mid	e	ø		o
Open	(a)		ɑ

/a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/. In most dialects, its status as a vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable.

Vowel Harmony (Peace Corps Method)

Left Shift (<)	Right Shift (>)	Shift Direction
а	ы	Straight Across Left-Right Shift
о	у	("y" Left-shifts up-diagonally to "a")
е (э)	и	Straight Across Left-Right Shift
ө	ү	Straight Across Left-Right Shift

The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using a "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in Kyrgyzstan.

Kyrgyz consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental/ alveolar	Post- alveolar	Dorsal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s	t͡ʃ
	voiced			d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ	x
	voiced	v	z
Approximant			l		j
Trill			r

 نظام الكتابة

المقالة الرئيسية: الأبجدية القيرغيزية

The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet, which uses all the Russian letters plus ң, ө, and ү.

In Xinjiang of China, an Arabic alphabet is used.

Although the Latin script is not in official use, some Kyrgyz texts are written in the Turkish variant of the Latin alphabet which was designed by Pamukkale University, and uses Turkish spelling norms e.g. for diphthongization (ey, ay etc.) and with the addition of J corresponding to Russian Ж (/zh/). Native Kyrgyz sound values are almost identical to Turkish, the exceptions being the velar nasal /ŋ/ and the voiceless uvular stop /q/ which do not exist in Turkish. In these cases they are written as "ñ" and "q" respectively.

 Кыргыз ариптеринин салыштырмалуу жадыбалы

Кириллица ариптери	Аты	Араб ариптери	Латын ариптери	Латын ариптери (1928—1940)	IPA
А а	а	ا	A a	A a	/ɑ/
Б б	бы	ب	B b	B в	/b/, [w], [v]
В в	вы	ۋ	V v	V v	/v/
Г г (Ғ ғ)	гы	گ ع*	G g	G g, Ƣ ƣ	/ɡ/ [ʁ]
Д д	ды	د	D d	D d	/d/
Е е	e	ه	E e	E e	/je/, /e/
Ё ё	ё	يو	Yo yo	Yo yo	/jo/
Ж ж	жы	ج	J j	Ç ç (Ƶ ƶ 1938-1940)	/dʒ/
З з	зы	ز	Z z	Z z	/z/
И и	и	ى	İ i	I i	/i/
Й й	йы	ي	Y y	J j	/j/
К к (Қ қ)	кы	ك ق*	K k	K k, Q q	/k/, [q], [χ]
Л л	лы	ل	L l	L l	/l/
М м	мы	م	M m	M m	/m/
Н н	ны	ن	N n	N n	/n/
Ң ң	ың	ڭ	Ñ ñ	Ŋ ŋ	/ŋ/
О о	о	و	O o	O o	/o/
Ө ө	ө	ۅ	Ö ö	Ɵ ɵ	/ø/
П п	пы	پ	P p	P p	/p/
Р р	ры	ر	R r	R r	/r/
С с	сы	س	S s	S s	/s/
Т т	ты	ت	T t	T t	/t/
У у	у	ۇ	U u	U u	/u/
Ү ү	ү	ۉ	Ü ü	Y y	/y/
Ф ф	фы	ف	F f	F f	/f/
Х х	хы	ح	H h	X x (H h 1928-1938)	[χ] /k/
Ц ц	ыцы	تس	C c	Ts ts	/ts/
Ч ч	чы	چ	Ç ç	C c	/tʃ
Ш ш	шы	ش	Ş ş	Ş ş	/ʃ/
Щ щ	ща	-	Şç şç	Şc şc	/ʃtʃ/, /ʃː/
Ъ ъ	ажыратуу белгиси	-	-	-	-
Ы ы	ы	ى	İ i	Ь ь	/ɯ/
Ь ь	ичкертүү белгиси	-	-	-	-
Э э	э	ه	É é	E e	/e/
Ю ю	ю	يۋ	Yu yu	Yu yu	/ju/, /jy/
Я я	я	يا	Ya ya	Ya ya	/ja/, /jɑ/

• К كcode: ar is deprecated + а, о, у, ы => قcode: ar is deprecated
• Г گcode: ar is deprecated + а, о, у, ы => عcode: ar is deprecated

Romanization system by Kazakhstan's KazInform was also considered.

Cyrillic	Arabic	Latin (based from KazInform Romanization)	Latin (Turkish-based, by PAU)	English
Бардык адамдар өз беделинде жана укуктарында эркин жана тең укуктуу болуп жаралат. Алардын аң-сезими менен абийири бар жана бири-бирине бир туугандык мамиле кылууга тийиш.	باردىق ادامدار ۅز بەدەلىندە جانا ۇقۇقتارىندا ەركىن جانا تەڭ ۇقۇقتۇۇ بولۇپ جارالات.۔ الاردىن اڭ-سەزىمى مەنەن ابئيىرى بار جانا بئرى-بئرىنە بئر تۇۇعاندىق مامئلە قىلۇۇعا تئيىش.	Bardıq adamdar öz bedelïnde jana wqwqtarında erkïn jana teñ wqwqtww bolwp jaralat. Alardın añ-sezïmï menen abïyrï bar jana bïrï-bïrïne bïr twğandıq mamïle qılwwğa tïyïş.	Bardıq adamdar öz bedelinde jana uquqtarında erkin jana teñ uquqtuu bolup jaralat. Alardın añ-sezimi menen abiyiri bar jana biri-birine bir tuuğandıq mamile qıluuğa tiyiş.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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 Morphology and syntax

 Case

Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology).

Case	Underlying form	Possible forms	"boat"	"air"	"bucket"	"hand"	"head"	"salt"	"eye"
Nominative	—		кеме	аба	челек	кол	баш	туз	көз
Genitive	-NIn	-нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн	кеменин	абанын	челектин	колдун	баштын	туздун	көздүн
Dative	-GA	-га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө	кемеге	абага	челекке	колго	башка	тузга	көзгө
Accusative	-NI	-ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү	кемени	абаны	челекти	колду	башты	тузду	көздү
Locative	-DA	-да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө	кемеде	абада	челекте	колдо	башта	тузда	көздө
Ablative	-DAn	-дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн	кемеден	абадан	челектен	колдон	баштан	туздан	көздөн

Normally the decision between the velar ([ɡ ~ ɣ], [k]) and uvular ([ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q]) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/, not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel.

 Pronouns

Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:

Personal pronouns

Singular		Plural
Kyrgyz (transliteration)	English	Kyrgyz (transliteration)	English
Мен (Men)	I	Биз (Biz)	We
Сен (Sen)	You (singular informal)	Силер (Siler)	You (plural informal)
Сиз (Siz)	You (singular formal)	Сиздер (Sizder)	You (plural formal)
Ал (Al)	He/She/It	Алар (Alar)	They

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.

Declension of pronouns

	Singular				Plural
	1st	2nd inf	2nd frm	3rd	1st	2nd inf	2nd frm	3rd
Nom	мен	сен	сиз	ал	биз	силер	сиздер	алар
Acc	мени	сени	сизди	аны	бизди	силерди	сиздерди	аларды
Gen	менин	сенин	сиздин	анын	биздин	силердин	сиздердин	алардын
Dat	мага	сага	сизге	ага	бизге	силерге	сиздерге	аларга
Loc	менде	сенде	сизде	анда	бизде	силерде	сиздерде	аларда
Abl	менден	сенден	сизден	андан	бизден	силерден	сиздерден	алардан

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.

Morphemes indicating person

	pronouns	copulas	present tense	possessive endings	past/conditional	imperative
1st sg	мен	-mIn	-mIn	-(I)m	-(I)m	-AyIN
2nd sg	сен	-sIŋ	-sIŋ	-(I)ŋ	-(I)ŋ	—, -GIn
2nd formal sg	сиз	-sIz	-sIz	-(I)ŋIz	-(I)ŋIz	-GIlA
3rd sg	ал	—	-t	-(s)I(n)	—	-sIn
1st pl	биз	-BIz	-BIz	-(I)bIz	-(I)K	-AyIK
2nd pl	силер	-sIŋAr	-sIŋAr	-(I)ŋAr	-(I)ŋAr
2nd formal pl	сиздер	-sIzdAr	-sIzdAr	-(I)ŋIzdAr	-(I)nIzdAr
3rd pl	алар	—	-(I)şAt	-(s)I(n)	—	-sIn, -IşsIn

 Subordinate clauses

To form complement clauses, Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be rendered as "Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм" (Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym): I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1st.SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1st.SG, or roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where the verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels.

Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are the most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болоор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings.

 See also

• BGN/PCGN romanization of Kyrgyz
• Kyrgyz people
• Romanization of Kyrgyz

 Bibliography

• Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434 
• Krippes, Karl A. (1998). Kyrgyz: Kyrgyz-English/English-Kyrgyz: Glossary of Terms. Hippocrene Books, New York. ISBN 0-7818-0641-0.
• Library of Congress, Country Studies, Kyrgyzstan.
• Comrie, Bernard. 1983. The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Beckwith, Christopher I. 1987/1993. "The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia." Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Tchoroev, Tyntchtykbek. 2003. The Kyrgyz.; in: The History of Civilisations of Central Asia, Vol. 5, Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century /Editors: Ch. Adle and Irfan Habib. Co-editor: Karl M. Baipakov. – UNESCO Publishing. Multiple History Series. Paris. – Chapter 4, p. 109 – 125. (ISBN 92-3-103876-1).
• Washington, Jonathan North (2006b), Root Vowels and Affix Vowels: Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony, http://jnw.name/papers/2006wi-kgvowels.pdf 
• Washington, Jonathan North (2007), Phonetic and Phonological Problems in Kyrgyz: A Fulbrighter's plans for gathering data in the field, http://jnw.name/papers/2007su-kyrgyz_handout.pdf 

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 وصلات خارجية

اللغة القيرغيزية edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• [1] Ferdinand, S. & Komlósi, F. 2016. Vitality of the Kyrgyz Language in Bishkek. IJORS, 5/2, pp. 210–226.
• Kyrgyz language
• Root Vowels and Affix Vowels: Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony
• (Japanese) "事前学習補助教材Кыргыз тили （キルギス語）" (Kyrgyz exercises; Archive) - Japan International Cooperation Agency
• The Talking Kyrgyz Phrasebook
• Кыргыз тили – Kyrgyz language resources (in Russian)
• Кербен Translit - Easy Kyrgyz-Cyrillic–Latin converter
• Kyrgyz Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter
• Kyrgyz–Russian–English Dictionary
• Kyrgyz Latin Alphabet
• Kyrgyz-Turkish Dictionary
• Kyrgyz - Apertium