ألترا (تعمية)

ألترا (Ultra) وتعني فائق هو اسم استخدم من قبل بريطانيا للإشارة إلى نتائج الاستخبارات لعملية فك تعمية الشيفرة السرية للاتصالات الراديوية الألمانية أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. يطلق هذا الاسم بسبب اعتبار أن نجاح عملية فك الشيفرة السرية أهم من أعلى تصنيف للعمليات السرية للاستخبارات في ذلك الوقت "الأكثر سرية" إنگليزية: Most Secretcode: en is deprecated ، ولهذا فإن هذه العمليات اعتبرت على أنها فائقة السرية. كانت أكثر عمليات فك التعمية تتم على الشيفرة السرية التي أنتجتها آلة إنجما، حيث أن مصطلح ألتر كان يستخدم للإشارة إلى تحليل الرموز السرية للإنيجما.

The Enigma cipher machine

آلة إنگما دوارات الإنگما كسر الإنگما مكتب الشفرة الپولندي الأزواج گريل الساعة عداد الدورات فهرس البطاقات بومبا الأفرخ بلتشلي پارك بانبوريزموس Herivel tip Bombe كوخ 6 كوخ 8 برونو Cadix ألترا

Enigma machine out of its wooden box

Lorenz SZ42 machine with covers removed

Part of Japanese PURPLE machine

Three cipher machines that were broken by the Allies to yield Ultra intelligence

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 See also

• Hut 6
• Hut 8
• Magic (cryptography)
• Military intelligence
• Signals intelligence in modern history
• The Imitation Game

 Bibliography

• Bamford, James (2001), Body of Secrets, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-49907-8 
• Bennett, Ralph (1999), Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the War with Germany (Pimlico: New and Enlarged ed.), London: Random House, ISBN 0-7126-6521-8 
• Bertrand, Gustave (1973), Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945 (Enigma: The Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945), Paris: Librairie Plon 
• Beesly, Patrick (1977), Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre 1939–1945, Sphere Books Limited, ISBN 0-7221-1539-3 
• Budiansky, Stephen (2000), Battle of wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II, Free Press, ISBN 978-0-684-85932-3, https://archive.org/details/battleofwitscomp00budi  A short account of World War II cryptology which covers more than just the Enigma story.
• Brzezinski, Matthew (24 July 2005). "Giving Hitler Hell". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
• Calvocoressi, Peter (2001), Top Secret Ultra, Kidderminster, England: M & MBaldwin, ISBN 978-0-947712-41-9 
• Churchill, Winston (2005), The Second World War, Volume 2: Their Finest Hour (Penguin Classics ed.), p. 529, ISBN 978-0-14-144173-3 
• Comer, Tony (2021), Commentary: Poland's Decisive Role in Cracking Enigma and Transforming the UK's SIGINT Operations, Royal United Services Institute, https://rusi.org/commentary/poland-decisive-role-cracking-enigma-and-transforming-uk-sigint-operations 
• Copeland, Jack (2004), "Enigma", in Copeland, B. Jack, The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-825080-0 
• Crowdy, Terry (2011). The Enemy Within: A History of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780962436.
• Deutsch, Harold C (1977), The Historical Impact of Revealing the Ultra Secret, Parameters, Journal of the U.S. Army War College, https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/ultra_secret.pdf 
• Farago, Ladislas (1974), The game of the foxes: British and German intelligence operations and personalities which changed the course of the Second World War, Pan Books, ISBN 978-0-330-23446-7  Has been criticised for inaccuracy and exaggeration
• Farley, R. D. (25 November 1980), Oral History Interview NSA-OH-40-80 with Arthur J. Levenson, https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/oral-history-interviews/assets/files/nsa-oh-40-08-levenson.pdf, retrieved on 24 September 2016 
• Ferris, John Robert (2005), Intelligence and strategy: selected essays (illustrated ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-36194-1 
• Gannon, Paul (2006), Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret, London: Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-1-84354-331-2 
• Hanyok, Robert J. (2004), Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945, Center for Cryptographic History, National Security Agency, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/nsarep.pdf 
• Hinsley, F. H.; Stripp, Alan, eds. (1993), Codebreakers: The inside story of Bletchley Park (OU Press paperback ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-280132-6 
• قالب:Harvc
• Hinsley, F. H. (1993a), British intelligence in the Second World War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-44304-3 
• Hinsley, F. H. (1996), The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War, http://www.cdpa.co.uk/UoP/HoC/Lectures/HoC_08e.PDF, retrieved on 23 July 2012  Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
• Hunt, David (28 August 1976), "The raid on Coventry", The Times: 11 
• Jones, R. V. (1978), Most Secret War, London: Book Club Associates, ISBN 978-0-241-89746-1, https://archive.org/details/mostsecretwar0000jone 
• Kahn, David (1967), The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (1st ed.), New York: Macmillan, ISBN 0-02-560460-0 
• Kahn, David (1997), The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (2nd Revised ed.), New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-684-83130-5 
• Kahn, David (29 December 1974), "Enigma Unwrapped: Review of F. W. Winterbotham's The Ultra Secret", New York Times Book Review: 5 
• Knightley, Phillip (1986), The Second Oldest Profession, W.W. Norton & Co, ISBN 0-393-02386-9, https://archive.org/details/secondoldestprof00knig 
• Kozaczuk, Władysław (1984), Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher was Broken, and how it was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek [a revised and augmented translation of W kręgu enigmy, Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 1979, supplemented with appendices by Marian Rejewski, Frederick, MD', University Publications of America, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7  This is the standard reference on the crucial foundations laid by the Poles for World War II Enigma decryption.
• Lewin, Ronald (2001), Ultra goes to War (Penguin Classic Military History ed.), London: Penguin Group, ISBN 978-0-14-139042-0  Focuses on the battle-field exploitation of Ultra material.
• Mallmann-Showell, J.P. (2003), German Naval Code Breakers, Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing, ISBN 0-7110-2888-5, OCLC 181448256 
• Momsen, Bill (2007), Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II: Chapter IV 1941–42, Nautical Brass, http://home.earthlink.net/~nbrass1/4enigma.htm, retrieved on 2008-02-18 
• Pidgeon, Geoffrey (2003), The Secret Wireless War: The Story of MI6 Communications 1939–1945, St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex: UPSO Ltd, ISBN 1-84375-252-2, OCLC 56715513 
• Rejewski, Marian, wrote a number of papers on his 1932 break into Enigma and his subsequent work on the cipher, well into World War II, with his fellow mathematician-cryptologists, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski. Most of Rejewski's papers appear in Kozaczuk 1984
• Rejewski, Marian (1984), "Summary of Our Methods for Reconstructing ENIGMA and Reconstructing Daily Keys, and of German Efforts to Frustrate Those Methods: Appendix C", in Kozaczuk, Władysław; Kasparek, Christopher; Frederick, MD, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two (2 ed.), University Publications of America, pp. 241–45, ISBN 978-0-89093-547-7 
• Roberts, Andrew (2009). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. Penguin Books Limited. p. 501. ISBN 978-0-14-193886-8.
• Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (1992), "The London Operation: Recollections of a Historian", in Chalou, George C., The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, ISBN 978-0-911333-91-6 
• Singh, Simon (1999), The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography, London: Fourth Estate, ISBN 1-85702-879-1  This provides a description of the Enigma, other ciphers, and codes.
• Smith, Michael (2007), Station X: The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park, Pan Grand Strategy Series (Pan Books ed.), London: Pan MacMillan Ltd, ISBN 978-0-330-41929-1 
• Stephenson, Charles (2004). The fortifications of Malta 1530–1945. Fortress. Vol. 16. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-693-3.
• Taylor, Fredrick (2005), Dresden:Tuesday 13 February 1945, London: Bloomsbury, p. 202, ISBN 0-7475-7084-1, https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_b8e7/page/202 
• Tarrant, V.E. (1995). The Red Orchestra. London: Cassel. ISBN 0471134392.
• Welchman, Gordon (1984), The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes, Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-00-5305-0, https://archive.org/details/hutsixstorybreak00welc  An early publication containing several misapprehensions that are corrected in an addendum in the 1997 edition.
• West, Nigel (1986), GCHQ: The Secret Wireless War, 1900–86, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-78717-4 
• Wilkinson, Patrick (1993), "Italian naval ciphers", in Hinsley, F.H.; Stripp, Alan, Codebreakers: The inside story of Bletchley Park, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-280132-6 
• Winterbotham, F. W. (1974), The Ultra Secret, New York: Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-014678-8  The first published account of the previously secret wartime operation, concentrating mainly on distribution of intelligence. It was written from memory and has been shown by subsequent authors, who had access to official records, to contain some inaccuracies.

هذه بذرة مقالة عن الحرب العالمية الثانية تحتاج للنمو والتحسين، فساهم في إثرائها بالمشاركة في تحريرها.