الأرقام الهندية
The Eastern Arabic numerals, also called Arabic-Hindu numerals or Indo–Arabic numerals, are the symbols used to represent numerical digits in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world), the Arabian Peninsula, and its variant in other countries that use the Persian numerals on the Iranian plateau and in Asia.
| أنظمة الأرقام حسب الثقافة | |
|---|---|
| الأرقام الهندية العربية | |
| العربية المغربية العربية المشرقية الخمير |
العائلة الهندية البراهمية التايلندية |
| أرقام شرق آسيا | |
| الصينية سوژو عصي العد |
اليابانية الكورية |
| الأرقام الأبجدية | |
| أبجد الأرمنية السيريلية جعيز |
العبرية اليونانية (Ionian) أريابهاتا |
| أنظمة أخرى | |
| Attic البابلية المصرية الإتروسكية |
المايا الرومانية Urnfield |
| قائمة مواضيع نظم الأرقام | |
| Positional systems by base | |
| عشري (10) | |
| 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 | |
| 1, 3, 9, 12, 20, 24, 30, 36, 60, more… | |
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الأصل
The numeral system originates from an ancient Indian numeral system, which was re-introduced in the book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written by the Islamic Golden Age mathematician and engineer al-Khwarizmi, whose name was Latinized as Algoritmi.[note 1]
أسماء أخرى
These numbers are known as ʾarqām hindiyyah (أَرْقَام هِنْدِيَّة) in Arabic. They are sometimes also called Indic numerals in English.[1] However, that is sometimes discouraged as it can lead to confusion with Indian numerals, used in Brahmic scripts of the Indian subcontinent.[2]
الأرقام
Each numeral in the Persian variant has a different Unicode point even if it looks identical to the Eastern Arabic numeral counterpart. However, the variants used with Urdu, Sindhi, and other Languages of South Asia are not encoded separately from the Persian variants.
| Western Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Eastern Arabic[أ] | ٠ | ١ | ٢ | ٣ | ٤ | ٥ | ٦ | ٧ | ٨ | ٩ | ١٠ |
| Persian[ب] | ۰ | ۱ | ۲ | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ۶ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ | ۱۰ |
| Urdu[ت] | ۰ | ۱ | ۲ | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ۶ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ | ۱۰ |
| Abjad numerals | {{N/A}} | ا | ب | ج | د | ه | و | ز | ح | ط | ي |
- ^ U+0660 through U+0669
- ^ U+06F0 through U+06F9. The numbers 4, 5, and 6 are different from Eastern Arabic.
- ^ Same Unicode characters as the Persian, but language is set to Urdu. The numerals 4, 6 and 7 are different from Persian. On some devices, this row may appear identical to Persian.
Written numerals are arranged with their lowest-value digit to the right, with higher value positions added to the left. That is identical to the arrangement used for Western Arabic numerals, even though Arabic script is read from right-to-left.[3] Columns of numbers are usually arranged with the decimal points aligned.
Negative signs are written to the right of magnitudes, e.g. −٣ (−3).
In-line fractions are written with the numerator and denominator on the left and right of the fraction slash respectively, e.g. ٢/٧ (2⁄7).
The normal comma قالب:Char or the symbol قالب:Char is used as the decimal mark, as in ٣,١٤١٥٩٢٦٥٣٥٨ (3.14159265358).
The Arabic comma قالب:Char or the symbol قالب:Char may be used as a thousands separator, e.g. ١،٠٠٠،٠٠٠،٠٠٠ (1,000,000,000).
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الاستخدام المعاصر
Eastern Arabic numerals are in predominant use over Western Arabic numerals in many countries to the east of the Arab world, notably إيران و أفغانستان.
In Arabic-speaking Asia, as well as Egypt and Sudan, both types of numerals are in use (and are often employed alongside each other), though Western Arabic numerals are increasingly used, including in Saudi Arabia. The United Arab Emirates uses both Eastern and Western Arabic numerals.
In Pakistan, Western Arabic numerals are more extensively used digitally. Eastern numerals continue to see use in Urdu publications and newspapers, as well as signboards. [مطلوب توضيح]
In the Maghreb, only Western Arabic numerals are now commonly used. In medieval times, these areas used a slightly different set (from which, via Italy, Western Arabic numerals derive).
The Thaana writing system used for the Maldivian language adopted its first nine letters (haa, shaviyani, noonu, raa, baa, lhaviyani, kaafu, alifu, and vaavu) from Perso-Arabic digits. The next nine letters are from the local Dhives Akuru digits (old system with the letter dnaviyani between gaafu and seenu). The next few letters are derived from secondary modifications to some of the previous letters.[4]
انظر أيضاً
ملاحظات
- ^ Other Latin transliterations include Algaurizin.[بحاجة لمصدر]
المراجع
- ^ "Glossary of Unicode terms". Retrieved 2 September 2015.
- ^ "Glossary". Retrieved 2 September 2015.
- ^ Menninger, Karl (1992). Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers. Courier Dover Publications. p. 415. ISBN 0-486-27096-3.
- ^ Gippert, Jost (2013). Chen, Shu-Fen; Slade, Benjamin (eds.). "An Outline of the History of Maldivian Writing" (PDF). Grammatica et verba Glamor and verve - Studies in South Asian, historical, and Indo-Europea linguistics in honor o Hans Henrich Hock on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday. Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press: 96–98. ISBN 978-0-9895142-0-0. OCLC 852488593 – via Maldives National University.